从咸安宫官学制度管窥清廷办学思想演变

The Educational Ideology of the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Xian’an Palace Official School System

咸安宫官学是为培养内府及八旗子弟而设的内务府官学,因所收官学生挑选较严,教习选拔要求较高,较景山等处官学待遇较优,雍乾时期教育质量较好,被时人称为"天下学校之领袖,八旗人材之渊薮".雍、乾两朝,各种制度在摸索中逐步成型,运作虽尚欠成熟,却也是咸安宫官学最富生命力、最受清廷重视的时期;嘉庆以后,各项事务已有成规,然而师生多敷衍塞责,诸多章程形同具文,教育质量反大不如前.本文拟依托清代档案,结合其他史料,概述咸安宫官学的课程设置和教习员额,使能一见清代官员培养和文化政策的演变,简析教习与官学生的在学待遇、考勤考绩、入仕途径等,管窥咸安宫官学与清代官场风气、民族文化发展之间的相互影响.

Xian’an Palace Official School was set up for the purpose of training the children of the Imperial household and the Eight Banners. Due to its strict selection of students, higher requirements for teaching and learning, better treatment than those of Jingshan and other official schools, and better quality of education in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, it was called“the leader of all the schools and the cradle of the Eight Banners’talents”. During Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, various systems were gradually formed in the process of exploration. Although the operation was not mature, it was the most vigorous and valued period of Xian’an Palace Official School. After Jiaqing period, all kinds of affairs had become routine, however, teachers and students were perfunctory and didn’t follow the regulations, thus the quality of education was not so good as before. Based on the archives of the Qing Dynasty and other historical materials, this paper presents the evolution of the officials’training and cultural policy in the Qing Dynasty by stating the curriculum and teaching posts of Xian’an Palace school, and researches the interaction between Xian’an Palace officialdom and the development of the officialdom atmosphere and national culture in the Qing Dynasty through analyzing the treatment, attendance, performance and the way how to begin an official career of the teachers and students.