论惩罚性赔偿在环境诉讼中的适用

The Application of Punitive Damage in Environmental Litigation

侵权不仅造成个体损害,也带来社会性损害。惩罚性赔偿填补侵权行为造成的损害,使外部成本内部化,阻遏潜在的侵权行为,从而与行政规制形成互补。惩罚性赔偿的适用与诉讼中补偿性赔偿的范围、行政规制的强度等密切相关。在环境私益诉讼中适用惩罚性赔偿,能够发挥惩罚性赔偿的损害填补与起诉激励作用,促使侵权人加大环境保护投入。环境民事公益诉讼以预防为主,且已经体现惩罚性因素,引入惩罚性赔偿可能产生激励偏差。在生态环境损害赔偿诉讼中适用惩罚性赔偿,易导致行政权与司法权的错配,不利于环境保护。

Mass tort not only causes specific damage,but also brings social damage.Punitive damages compensate for the damage,internalize the costs of the activity,deter a potential misconduct,and supplement administrative regulations.The application of punitive damages is closely related to the scope of compensatory damages in lawsuit and the intensity of administrative regulation.The punitive damages in environmental private interest litigation can play an important compensatory roles,encourage the victim to be plaintiff,and advance defendant to increase investment in environmental protection.Environmental civil public interest litigation mainly focuses on prevention of environmental damage,and has taken into punitive factors account in practice.The introduction of punitive damages may bring about incentive bias.The application of punitive damages in the lawsuit of ecological damages likely lead to the mismatch of administrative power and judicial power,which is not conducive to environmental protection.