WTO“双轨制”下的农业补贴制度改革探析

Analysis on the Reform of Agricultural Subsidy System under WTO “Double-track System”

农业补贴制度改革是影响WTO现代化改革未来走向的核心传统议题。现有WTO体制采取“双轨制”严格区分农业补贴和非农业补贴,通过《农业协议》确立了一套独立于《补贴协议》的独特农业补贴规则体系。“双轨制”作为一种过渡性安排,迈出了农业贸易自由化的第一步,但是也带来WTO补贴监管体制的不一致,“和平条款”更是加剧了WTO补贴规则体系的结构性问题,对农业补贴争端解决实践提出了严峻挑战。为此,建议WTO未来改革实现两套补贴制度的逐步融合。短期来看,争端解决机构应澄清《农业协议》与《补贴协议》间的概念差异,为未来谈判监管融合问题奠定基础;长远来看,未来改革应避免规则的简单一体化,采用“灵活性规定”推进补贴制度融合。

Agricultural subsidy system reform is the core traditional issue affecting the future trend of WTO modernization reform. The existing WTO system strictly distinguishes agricultural subsidies from non-agricultural subsidies under the dual-track system. Through the Agricultural Agreement, a set of unique agricultural subsidies rule system that is independent of the SCM has been established. As a transitional arrangement, the dual-track system has taken the first step of agricultural trade liberalization. However, the dual-track system brings about the inconsistency of the WTO subsidy regulatory mechanism, and the“peace clause”aggravates the structural problems of the WTO subsidy rule system, which poses a severe challenge to the practice of agricultural subsidy dispute settlement. Therefore, it is suggested that the future reform of WTO should realize the gradual integration of the two subsidy systems. In the short term, DSB should try to clarify the conceptual differences between the Agriculture Agreement and the Subsidy Agreement in order to discuss the issue of regulatory integration in future WTO negotiations. In the long run, future reform should avoid simple integration and adopt“flexibility provisions”to achieve the gradual integration of subsidy system.