语言中的违预期信息与违预期范畴

The Expectation Discrepancy Information and Category in Language

违预期信息是语言中一种与人的固有认知图式不符的新信息,有亲历、传闻和推论三个来源,是所在句子的对比焦点;预期则是一种语用预设。违预期范畴属于认识情态,其核心意义是反预期和惊讶,边缘意义是偏离预期和疑惑、不满、沮丧等情感。人类语言使用语音(重音、语调)、词汇(副词、连词、短语)和句法(复杂动词结构、动词后缀、代词曲折形式)手段编码违预期信息。

Expectation discrepancy information is a new kind of information that contradicts the speaker’ s cognitive schema, and has three information sources of witness, hearsay, and inference. Expectation discrepancy information is the contrast focus of the sentence, and expectation is pragmatic presupposition. Expectationdiscrepancy category belongs to epistemic modality. Its core meaning is counter-expectation and surprisedmood, while the margin meaning is deviation of expectation, doubt, dissatisfaction and frustration. Humanlanguage employs phonological(stress, intonation), lexical(adverbs, conjunctions, phrases)and syntactic(complex verb constructions, verb suffixes, inflections of pronouns) means to encode expectation discrepancy information.