试探《春秋繁露》的郊祀论

A Study of the Theory of Suburban Sacrifice in Chunqiu Fanlu

《春秋繁露》一书包含数篇以“郊祀”为主题的篇章。郊祀原为国君于国都郊外祭祀至上神的典礼,《春秋繁露》依据《春秋》与《孝经》等儒家经典,说明“祭天于郊”之礼的规定、位置、作用及性质等,同时对此赋予德行与教化的意涵,亦即使其伦理化及政治化。《春秋繁露》的郊祀论是在董仲舒学术思想——春秋学、政治论及天人感应论等——的理论前提下形成的,并非神祇信仰或神秘思想的产物,而是汉代儒家经学将“宗教”转为“人文”的一个重要成果。

The Chunqiu Fanlu includes some chapters about "suburban sacrifice," originally a ceremony in which a monarch sacrifices to supreme deity at the suburb of the capital city. Based on some Confucian classics such as Chunqiu and Xiaojing , Chunqiu Fanlu gives elucidations of some dimensions about the ritual of "sacrificing to Heaven at the suburb," such as rules, levels, effects, and natures of a sacrifice, at the same time attributes connotations about virtue and teaching to suburban sacrifice, and thus turns the suburban sacrifice into an ethical and political activity. The theory of suburban sacrifice in Chunqiu Fanlu was formed on the theoretical premise of Dong Zhongshu′s academic thoughts, such as comments on Chunqiu , views on politics and the interaction between man and heaven, and therefore, it was not a product of faith in supreme deity or supernatural ideas, but an important result of rational reinterpretation on God-oriented activity by Confucian canon studies in Han dynasty.