人工智能体法律主体地位的法理反思

Are AI Robots Legal Subject? A Jurisprudential Reflection

人工智能技术带来的巨大风险引发了对机器人能否具备法律主体地位的追问。从法理论的角度来看,法律上的"人"一方面应当拥有享有权利和履行义务的法律资格(规范条件),另一方面实际具备享有权利和履行义务的意志能力(事实条件)。从根本上说只有生物人同时满足这两项条件,法律归根结底也是为了人类的利益。作为法学辅助概念的法人是生物人的集合,能通过"归入"的技术与生物人的行为建立起联系,也能更好地满足人类的需求。相反,动物因不具备规范性认知能力而无法完全满足事实条件,也不符合规范条件。机器人更接近于动物而不是法人,赋予其法律主体地位既不可能也不可欲,它无法、也不应当承担独立责任。在法律上为机器人行为负责的总是人类自身。

The huge risks that the technique of Artificial Intelligence(AI)has brought leads to asking about whether robots own a status of legal subject.From the perspective of legal theory,"person"in law should have the legal qualification of enjoying rights and performing duties on one hand(normative condition),and own the will capacity to enjoy rights and perform duties in reality(factual condition).Fundamentally,only human satisfies the both conditions at the same time,and in the final analysis,law is for the benefits of human.Legal persons,as an auxiliary concept in legal science,consist of human assembly,which can connect to conducts of human through the skill of"imputation"and satisfy the needs of human better.In contrast,animals which has no capacity of normative recognition can neither satisfy the factual condition adequately,nor fit to the normative condition.Robots is nearer to animals but not to legal persons,thus the endowment of their status of legal subject is neither possible nor desirable,because they can not,while ought not to assume independent liabilities.It is the human itself that should be in charge of the conducts of robots legally.