新文化运动中“偏师”的作用及价值——以林琴南、刘师培、张竞生为例

The Role and Value of the Auxiliary Forces in the New Culture Movement: Taking Lin Shu, Liu Shipei and Zhang Jingsheng for Example

作为中军之外的"偏师",与新文化运动的"起承转合"密切相关的三个北大人物--前文科教习林纾、国文系教授刘师培、哲学教授张竞生,都曾在新文化的历史舞台上活跃过。但在日后的历史书写中,其功绩被刻意抹杀,其形象也被逐渐淡化乃至丑化。北京大学作为新文化运动的主战场,各种人物轮番登场,角色的自我定位与社会的评判尺度,很难完全吻合。那些"过早登场"或"提前出局"的,在日后的历史书写中,往往很难得到妥善安排。今天我们需要的,不是平反若干冤狱,而是建立一种"不以成败论英雄"的历史哲学。将林纾、刘师培、张竞生连成一线,或可借此扩大新文化运动的光谱,理解那些没有实现的计划与理念,借倾听那些被压抑的声音,重新思考五四新文化运动的复杂性与纵深感。

As the auxiliary forces in addition to the central forces of the New Culture Movement, three professors of Peking University were closely related to its development. They were Lin Shu(林纾), the former Instructor of Liberal Arts;Liu Shipei(刘师培), a professor from the Department of Chinese Literature;and Zhang Jingsheng(张竞生), a professor teaching philosophy. All of them played dynamical roles on the historical stage of the New Culture Movement. But in later historical writings, their contributions were intentionally written off, while their images were fade-out and even defamed. At Peking University, the main battlefield of the New Culture Movement, various historical figures stepped on the stage. Their own role definitions and their evaluation scales from the society were difficult to match with each other. Those who made their appearance too early on the stage or went out of the stage in advance were unlikely to be arranged appropriately in historical writings. What we need to do today is not to redress them, but to establish a historical philosophy which does not define a hero by his success or failure. To study the three people in a package may amplify the spectrums of the New Culture Movement, and help to understand those unrealized projects and ideas. By listening to those oppressed voices, we can rethink about the complexity and profundity of the May 4th New Culture Movement.