明初文官考核制度建立新论

On the Establishment of Civil Service Assessment Institution in the Early Ming Dynasty

明初文官考核制度经历了一个极其复杂的演变之路。考满制,洪武元年从改造元朝考课制度开始,经过不断改革、修订、补充、完善,甚至反复,至洪武三十一年基本确立。明朝取法周制,实行外官朝觐制度,经历了从布、按官与府州县官分类朝觐,到一年一朝觐,洪武十八年统一规定三年一朝觐;朝觐从无考核到有考核,再到朝觐考课与考察兼而有之的错综曲折演变,至洪武二十九年初步建立。在文官考核制度初步建立的过程中,考核的依据、内容、标准和等第从无到有,从模糊不分到明确析分,也经过相当长的时期才逐渐确立。

The Civil Official Assessment Institution in the Early Ming Dynasty experienced an extremely complex evolution period and road, kaoman Institution, in the first year of Hongwu, the examination system of Yuan Dynasty was reformed, revised, supplemented, perfected, and even repeated. It was basically established in Hongwus 31 years. According XiZhou Institution, Ming Dynasty set up Pilgrimage institution, Local official pilgrimages are classified every year, and then change every three year until the eighteenth Year of Hongwu. It's very complicated which pilgrimage form no assessment to assessment, form Performance appraisal to Inspection quality. Finally, Quality inspection system was established in the nineteenth years of Hongwu. It take a long period to establish for the the civil service appraisal system, the Basis, Content, Standard and Grade In the process of preliminary establishment, from nonexistence to pass into existence, and from Ambiguity to Clear Distinction.