清末修律的旁观者:赫善心与《中国新刑律论》

The Bystander of Law Revision in the Late Qing Dynasty:Gutherz and on the New Criminal Law of China

清末修律中的"礼法之争"是一场西方近代法权与中国传统礼法之间的中西古今之争。作为这场论战的局外旁观者,在青岛短期工作的德国法律教师赫善心撰写了支持"礼教派"的评论文章《中国新刑律论》,该文是德国近代法权思想在清末修律上的投影,基本上代表了同时代德国人对修律的整体性立场和观点。在历史主义-进化论法社会学观念下,赫善心用西方近代法权中的"道德-法律"范式置换了礼法概念,其观点阐发表面上支持"礼教派"。然而,由于赫善心的法社会学立场带有明显的道德观相对主义色彩,因此在深层次意义上,这种概念置换实际进一步消减了道德和法律为一体的礼法传统。同时,带有强烈进化论的法社会学立场使得赫善心进而以民情观和利益目的论,再次把礼教问题引申为从家族主义到国家主义的法权问题,从而使礼法的传统根柢再一次松动。由此观之,体现德国多重近代法权观念的《中国新刑律论》,实际上在"普通之道德"以及国家主义等问题上也能在"法理派"那里听到回音。

The "Debate of Ritual and law"in the late Qing Dynasty was a dispute between the western modern legal rights and the Chinese traditional ritual law. As an outsider of the debate,the German law teacher,Gutherz,who worked in Qingdao for a short time,wrote a commentary article "On the New Criminal Law of China",which supported the"Ritual-Party". This article is a projection of German modern legal thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty,and basically represents the overall standpoint and viewpoint of contemporary Germans on the law revision. Under the concept of historicism-evolutionism sociology of law,Gutherz replaced the concept of ritual and law with the paradigm of "morality law"in modern western law and rights,and supported the "Ritual Party"in his elucidation. However,because of his philanthropic legal sociology position with obvious moral relativism color,in the deep sense,this concept replacement actually further reduces the ritual tradition of integrating morality and law. At the same time,with the strong evolutionism of Sociology of law standpoint,Gutherz further extended the issue of ritual to the issue of law and rights from familism to nationalism with the view of people’s feelings and interest teleology,thus loosening the tradition of ritual once again. From this point of view,"On the New Criminal Law of China",which embodies Germany’s multiple modern concepts of law and rights,can actually hear echoes from the "Law-Party"on issues such as "common morality"and nationalism.