清朝前期海南的海患——兼论杨彦迪的身份界定

Hainan’s Maritime Disasters in the Early Qing Dynasty ——A Concurrent Discussion on the Determination of Yang Yandi’s Identity

清朝前期海南的海患主要来自明朝残余势力,而杨彦迪威胁最大。杨彦迪本为明朝将领邓耀手下,后依附台湾郑氏集团,不断率军攻打海南,与台湾郑氏集团一起反清复明。杨彦迪漂泊海上,为补充军粮和兵力来维持生存,在攻打海南时带有海盗的劫掠特点。直至康熙二十年(1681),杨彦迪始终未能攻占海南。随着郑氏集团的覆灭,杨彦迪反清复明彻底失去希望,遁走越南等地。学界对杨彦迪的身份存在争议,除认其是反叛者、英雄外,更多学者认其为海盗,但从杨彦迪的政治立场与军事行动的性质来看,杨彦迪为明朝残余势力无疑。

Hainan’s maritime disasters in the early Qing Dynasty mainly came from the remnants of the Ming Dynasty, with Yang Yandi being the most serious threat. Yang Yandi, once a subordinate to Deng Yao, a general of the Ming Dynasty and later attached to the Zheng Group of Taiwan, led the army to attack Hainan and fought together with the Zheng Group of Taiwan against the Qing Dynasty for the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. However, due to his drift at sea, Yang Yandi attacked and looted Hainan like pirates to replenish his food and troops for survival, but he failed to capture Hainan even till the 20th year of Emperor Kang Xi’s reign. With the collapse of Zheng’s group in Taiwan, Yang Yandi completely lost his hope in fighting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty, thus fleeing to Vietnam and other places. There is much controversy over Yang Yandi’s identity in the academic circles, for besides the widespread recognition of his identity as a rebel and hero, more scholars regard him as a pirate. However, judged from his political standpoint and the nature of his military operations, Yang Yandi should surely be classified as a remnant force of the Ming Dynasty.