制度与创业战略

Institutions and Entrepreneurial Strategies

创业活动在一个国家的经济发展和增长中至关重要,对于企业在全球经济中有效参与竞争也往往十分关键。因此,了解制度如何影响创业活动非常重要。在本文中,我们考察了不同类型的制度,及其怎样影响新创企业的发展和成熟企业的创业战略。制度分为多种类型(例如,正式和非正式),存在于多个层级(国家,区域,小地方/城市)。一方面单一制度能够且已经对创业活动产生影响,另一方面多重制度的组合效应往往更复杂且更具影响力。而且,制度会随着时间而演变,在新兴经济体中演变得快,在发达经济体中则演变得慢°制度缺陷(institutional weak nesses)能为创业,尤其是非正式创业提供机会。(运作于正式经济之外的)非正式创业即使在发达国家也代表了经济活动的一个显著部分。因此,政策制定者、创业者和成熟企业的高管必须了解制度的复杂影响,以便引导自己的战略和努力。

Entrepreneurial activity is important in a county9 s economic development and growth.It is also often critical for firms to compete effectively in the global economy.As such,to understand how institutions affect entrepreneurial activity is impor tant.Herein,we examine different types of institutions and how they influence the development of new ventures and the entrepre neurial strategies of established finns.There are multiple types of institutions(e.g.,fonnal and informal)and they exist at multi ple levels(national,regional,local/city).While individual institutions can and do have effects on entrepreneurial activity,the combinative effects of multiple institutions are often much more complex and influential.And,institutions evolve over time,more rapidly in emerging economies and less so in developed economies.Institutional weaknesses can present entrepreneurial opportuni ties especially for informal entrepreneurship.Informal entrepreneurship(operating outside of the formal economy)often represents a significant amount of economic activity even in developed countries.Thus,policymakers,entrepreneurs and executives of estab lished firms must understand the complex effects of institutions in order to guide their own strategies and efforts.