生产力的“双重约束”与公有制关系的实现——从政治经济学的角度理解市场化改革

The Double Constraints of Productivity and the Realization of Public Ownership——Understanding Market-oriented Reform from the Perspective of Political Economics

市场经济的性质取决于所有制基础。马克思恩格斯以社会所有制、直接的社会劳动和有计划的社会生产为前提,提出了未来社会商品关系必然消亡的设想。这种所有制关系及其生产力基础在建立于落后国家的社会主义社会还不具备。社会仅掌握数量有限、质量不均的生产资料,劳动者还服从旧的分工,二者构成了生产力的“双重约束”,加上传统体制在“退出”、激励、积累、创新等方面的问题,使社会主义公有制关系的实现变得更加复杂和困难。市场化改革的根本目的是在生产力“双重约束”下,通过改革自我完善,更好地实现社会主义公有制的本质利益关系。劳动核算的必要、国家所有制条件下企业特殊的产权结构、公有制内在的竞争关系,使公有制采取商品生产和交换的形式不仅有可能,而且有必要,关键在于把商品等价交换关系转化为公有制按劳分配关系。在此过程中,构建竞争性的要素市场尤其重要,我国市场化改革的实践就证明了政治经济学分析的理论逻辑。因此,运用马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理和方法阐述社会主义市场化改革的根本原因和目的就具有重要的理论和现实意义。

The nature of the market economy depends on the ownership.Marx and Engels put forward the idea that in the future,commodity will inevitably disappear on the premise of social ownership,direct social labor and planned social production.This ownership and its productivity base are not yet available in a socialist society founded in a backward country,where production materials are limited and of poor quality,and the workers still obey the old division of labor,constituting the“double constraints”of productivity.With the problems of the traditional system in terms of incentive,accumulation and innovation,the realization of the socialist public ownership becomes more difficult.The fundamental purpose of market-oriented reform is to better realize the essential interests of socialist public ownership through reform and self-improvement.The necessity of labor accounting,the special property rights structure of enterprises under the conditions of state ownership,and the inherent competitive relationship of public ownership make it possible for public ownership to adopt the form of commodity production and exchange.But the key is to convert the equivalent exchange of goods into public ownership based on distribution on the basis of labor.In this process,it is especially important to build a competitive market.The practice of market-oriented reform in China proves the theoretical logic of political economics.Therefore,it is important,both theoretically and practically,to expound socialist market-oriented reform.