论集体合同的私法结构

On the Private Law Structure of Collective Bargaining Agreement

集体合同是一种自治机制和市场机制,这种自治基础上的市场机制本身导致其与传统私法的合同制度难以分离。从法教义学角度看,集体合同以私法合同的形式成立和消灭,对工会和用人单位或用人单位联合会具有债权效力,这些都是私法现象;传统私法曾试图通过代理理论和有利于第三人的合同理论解释集体合同对劳动者和用人单位的效力,但都不能自圆其说。为此,大陆法系国家承认了集体合同对劳动者和用人单位的规范效力,并提出社团理论、国家授权理论、自治理论,分别从社会法、公法、私法的角度解释上述规范效力。从中国集体合同制度发展的历史、社会经济基础和制度设计来看,私法的解释方案依然最优:集体合同以合同的方式成立,通过职工(代表)大会的决议行为获得对全体劳动者的约束力,即规范效力。因此,集体合同是一种私法上的制度。

As an autonomy and market mechanism, the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) belongs to the contract system in the field of traditional private law. From the perspective of dogmatics of law, the formation and discharge of CBA is in the form of a contract under the private law, making obligational effects on the union and employer or the association of employers. All above is the phenomenon of private law. The classic private law once tried to explain the effects of CBA on the employee and employer through the Agency Theory and the third-party beneficiary theory, but could not hold water. While admitting the normative effects of CBA on the employee and employer, civil law countries, therefore, interpret the referred normative effect from perspectives of the social law, public law and private law by bringing up the Verbandstheorie, Delegationstheorie, and Autonomietheorie. In the eyes of history, social-economic base and system design of China's CBA system, and the interpretation scheme of private law are still the optimal, i.e. the CBA is established in the form of a contract and has binding effects on all employees through the resolution behavior of workers' congress, namely the normative effect. The collective bargaining agreement, thus, is a system under the private law.