马克思主义辩证法的四重区分

The Four Distinctions of Marxist Dialectics

马克思主义辩证法领域存在许多分歧,需要若干必要的区分来加以疏解。在通行的马克思主义辩证法体系中,辩证法的定义和框架基本上采自恩格斯的论述,而马克思的论述只起补充和例证的作用。实际上,在辩证法思想上,马克思和恩格斯既有原则的一致性,又各有专长:马克思独有关于主谓词和主客体的辩证思想,而恩格斯则独有自然辩证法。卢卡奇等人把马克思的主客体思想阐发为实践辩证法,在突出人的主体性的同时牺牲了认识的客观性。综合地看,马克思的辩证法包括两个不能互相还原的方面,即理论辩证法和实践辩证法,前者在逻辑、认识论和方法论上优先,后者在本体论和价值论上优先。马克思的理论辩证法主要是通过应用于对资本主义的批判性研究而获得成功的,其基本预设的有效性还有赖于更多应用性成果的证明。

There are many disagreements about Marxist dialectics, to which the solution should be preceded by at least four relevant distinctions.The official textbooks of Marxist philosophy usually quote Engels’ statements as the definition and main framework of Marxist dialectics while Marx’s own statements serve just as an additional illustration to them. In fact, Marx and Engels are consistent with each other in the basic principle of dialectics but are different in their own specialties: the dialectics of the subject-predicate and subject-object relations is peculiar to Marx, while the dialectics of nature peculiar to Engels.Lukacs interprets Marx’s doctrine of the subject-object relation as practical dialectics, which highlights the subjectivity of the proletariat but loses objective knowledge.Synthetically, Marx’s dialectics contains two irreducible aspects-theoretical dialectics and practical dialectics, of which the former is prior to the latter in logic, epistemology and methodology, while the latter prior to the former in ontology and axiology.Since Marx’s theoretical dialectics achieved its success by virtue of being applied to the critique of capitalism, the validity of its presuppositions should be further proved by more applied results.