论康德美学的认识论结构及其改造

On the Epistemological Structure of Kant’s Aesthetics and Its Reconstruction

康德美学中蕴含诸多有价值的东西,但只有经过改造才能彰显其中被掩盖了的审美精神。康德作为理性派哲学家,首先考虑的是感性的审美活动背后的理性认识能力的作用,即诸认识能力的自由协调活动,审美中的情感传达虽然被看作鉴赏的“定义”,却只是诸认识能力结合为反思判断力而造成的结果,其中的普遍规律仍然要求助于知性的“准则”。必须从康德的四个鉴赏“契机”和反思判断力的原理后面拯救出更深层次的“传情论”原理,并将传情视为植根于人类生产劳动的本质中的基本人性结构。由此反过来解释四个契机和审美判断,可以更好地理顺康德美学的各个要素的关系,并使传情的基础从理性派的认识论基础转移到实践唯物论的人学基础上来,从而建立起一门崭新的“传情论美学”。

Many significant insights are implied in Kant’s aesthetics;and the aesthetic spirit concealed within can be revealed only by a proper reconstruction and reevaluation of Kant’s theory.As a rationalist philosopher, Kant basically focuses on the rational capacities behind the judgment of taste as aesthetic activity.Thus, although the communicability of feeling in aesthetic activity is considered as the “definition” of taste, Kant still takes this communicability as an outcome of the interplay between different capabilities of recognition, and tries to find its universal law from the “maxim” of the capacity of human understanding.This paper seeks to reveal the deeper principle of a “communicable feeling theory” in Kant’s account of the four moments of taste and his description of the power of reflective judgment.It argues that the communicability of feeling is the primary essence of humanity and grounds itself in human labor.Through this new vision of humanity we may explain the four moments of taste and the nature of aesthetic judgment in a more reasonable way, and put the multiple elements of Kant’s aesthetics in a more appropriate order as well.Furthermore, the foundation of the communicability of feeling can be transferred from a (Kantian) rationalist account to a (Marxian) practical materialist human science.By doing so, a new aesthetic theory of communicable feeling may be well founded.