父权制、祖先崇拜,还是氏族图腾制——梅因、库朗热和涂尔干有关古代亲属制度的争论

Patriarchy, Domestic Religion or Totemism: Controversy over Kinship in Ancient Society from Maine,Fustel de Coulanges and Durkheim

如何认识古代家族和氏族中的亲属制度,始终是古代社会研究的焦点所在。在中西方早期民族学社会学奠基之时出现了三种具有重要影响的亲属制度理论,即梅因的父权制理论、库朗热的家族宗教理论和涂尔干的氏族图腾制理论。三者都认识到,古代家族与氏族中的亲属关系无法单靠自然血缘关系去解释。在梅因那里,家父长统治构成了界定家族亲属关系的基本原则。而库朗热则把家父权追溯到家族宗教,认为共同的祖先祭祀构成了确立亲属关系的依据。基于新的材料和方法,涂尔干试图用图腾崇拜来解释氏族中的亲属关系,并重新厘定图腾崇拜和祖先崇拜、氏族和家族的关系。对这三种理论展开比较将有助于我们揭示古代社会和家族研究面临的理论困难。

There has long been a controversy over the kinship of the family and clan in ancient society.There appears three theories that have an important influence on the foundation of the early ethnology and sociology both in the West and China,i.e.,Henry Maine’s patriarchal theory,Fustel de Coulanges’domestic religion theory and Emile Durkheim’s totemism theory.All of them recognize that the kinship of the family and clan in ancient society cannot be fully explained by blood relationship alone.In Maine’s eyes,the rule of the father constituted the basic principle of the family.While according to Codlings,the patriarchy should be traced back to the domestic religion,so it is the people who worship the same ancestor that form a family.Different from Maine and Coulanges,Durkheim regarded the clan as the original social organization.Based on new materials and methods,he tried to use totem worship to explain the principle of clan and to re-determine the relationship between totem worship and ancestor worship,clan and family.The comparison above will help us to reveal the theoretical difficulties in the study of ancient society and ancient family.