论民事规训关系——基于福柯权力理论的一种阐释

On the Civil Disciplinary Relationship

民事规训关系是一种内含了以纪律的制定与执行作为其主要内容的规训权力的“非纯粹”民事法律关系,主要包括劳动、教育、住院医疗和亲权关系等。它们都具有存在上的稳定性和差序化、定型化的结构,是融人身与财产、支配与请求于一体的兼具功能上的私益性和生命治理性的身份关系。其生成的法理基础在于形式平等与实质不平等的分层实证化、自由向权威的妥协、法律与纪律的双重规范与协作。这些关系在形成秩序和生产驯顺而有用的生命时,也因其内含的权力的私利性、强制性和扩张性,权力作用的隐秘性、绵密性及其对个体的区别对待而隐含了对权利的潜在威胁,需要法律通过建基于弱者保护原则之上的各种分权制衡策略来更好地实现其调整,以保障被规训者不堕其自由平等主体之本性。

The main content of disciplinary power is making and enforcing disciplines. The civil disciplinary relationship refers to the civil legal relationship containing disciplinary power, including labor relations, educational relations, inpatient medical relations, parental relations, and so on. All of these legal relationships have the following common characteristics: firstly, they all have the stability of existence and the diversity-orderly and relatively fixed structure; secondly, they all contain personal relations and property relations, domination relations and claim relations; and thirdly, they all have the function of self-interest and life governance. Therefore, all of these legal relationships are essentially personal status relationship. The legal basis for its formation lies in stratified establishment of formal equality and substantial inequality, the compromise of individual freedom with normative authority, and the dual adjustment of and cooperation between law and discipline. These relationships imply a potential threat to rights when forming order and producing a tamed and useful life because of the self-interest, mandatory and expansionary nature of the power contained therein and because of the secretive and meticulous operational mode of discipline power and its differential treatment of different individuals. As a result, it is necessary for the law to improve the adjustment of these legal relationships by adopting various strategies of separation and restriction of power based on the principle of protection of the weak, so as to protect disciplined persons from losing their nature of freedom and equality as legal subjects.