刑事证据标准与证明标准之异同

Differences and Similarities Between Evidence Standard and Proof Standard in Criminal Proceedings

证据标准用于对案件证据的审查判断,主要包括对证据能力、要件证据及必要附属证据的审查判断;证明标准是对案件事实的综合评价,主要涉及证据标准的审查,证据证明力强弱、要件事实融贯性证成与否以及案件整体论证强度的评估。证据标准虽属证明标准评价的第一项内容,但不能因此将二者等同。证据标准与证明标准在具体内容、是否依存于特定诉讼构造、审查判断主体和评价方式、功能及法律效果等方面都存在实质性区别。为推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革,统一证据标准是切实可行且必要的。相反,统一证明标准不但违背了其在不同诉讼阶段的功能和价值,而且这一统一不可能真正实现。未来,应打破证据标准与证明标准一元化格局,构建二元评价模式。

Through a careful interpretation and examination of the specific meaning of evidence standard and proof standard separately, the following conclusions are drawn: evidence standard involves a review of the evidence of a case, mainly including that of evidence ability, evidence of constituents of fact, and evidence of ancillary facts, whereas standard of proof is a comprehensive evaluation of the fact of a case, mainly involving that of evidence ability, strength of evidence force, coherence of the justification of constituents of the fact, and the overall strength of the argument of a case. Although evidence standard is supposed to be the first item reviewed in the process of evaluation of proof standard, and, under certain conditions, the examination of evidence standard can be transformed into the evaluation of proof standard, yet the two should not be confused with each another. They are substantially different in specific content, litigation structure, evaluation subject, evaluation method and function, and legal effect. It is feasible and also necessary to apply a uniform standard of evidence in the course of advancing the reform of trial-centered criminal litigation system. However, proposing a uniform standard of proof for different stages in criminal proceedings is not only contrary to the different functions and values of different litigation stages, but also a goal that can never be achieved. In the future, the unified evaluation model mixing evidence standard with proof standard should be abandoned, and a dual evaluation model distinguishing evidence standard from proof standard should be established instead.