三种半定量风险评估方法在电镀企业的应用研究

Application of three semi-quantitative risk assessment methods in electroplating enterprises

目的 应用GBZ/T 298-2017《工作场所化学有害因素职业健康风险评估技术导则》中的半定量风险评估模型对电镀企业进行职业健康风险评估,探索其适用条件和特点.方法 2018年4~8月选择3家电镀企业为研究对象,对现场进行职业卫生学调查和危害因素检测,运用3种半定量风险评估方法进行风险评估,并比较评估结果.结果 接触指数法和综合指数法一致性强(加权Kappa=0.946,P﹤0.01),但接触比值法与接触指数法、综合指数法的一致性较差(加权Kappa=0.345、0.391,P﹤0.01).接触浓度﹤50%OELs时,接触比值法的评估结果低于指数法和综合指数法.50%OELs^OELs接触浓度时,三种方法评估结果一致性最高.接触浓度﹥OELs时,接触比值法评估结果高于接触指数法和综合指数法.结论 接触比值法适用于职业卫生信息不全情况下的职业健康风险评估和企业管理者通过自我评估识别健康风险关键控制点;接触指数法适用于无采样检测条件或无OELs的职业危害因素的危害风险评估,以及无法获得类比检测数据的建设项目职业病危害预评价;综合指数法适用于可获得检测数据且职业卫生信息齐全情况下的职业健康风险评估.

Objective To apply the semi-quantitative risk assessment model in the Technical Guidelines for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazardous Factors in the Workplace to assess the occupational health risk of electroplating enterprises and explore its applicable conditions and characteristics. Methods Three electroplating enterprises were selected as the research objects. Occupational hygiene survey and hazard factor detection were conducted on the spot. Three semi-quantitative risk assessment methods were used to assess the risk, and the evaluation results were compared. Results The consistency between the contact index method and the comprehensive index method was strong. The weighted Kappa value was 0.946 and the P value was less than 0.001 , but the consistency between the contact ratio method, the contact index method and the comprehensive index method was poor. The weighted Kappa value was 0.345 and 0.391 , and the P value was 0.009 and 0.004, respectively. When the contact concentration is less than 50% OELs, the evaluation results of the contact ratio method are lower than those of the exponential method and the comprehensive exponential method. The consistency of the three methods was the highest when the contact concentration (>50%) and (<OELs). When the contact concentration >OELs, the results of the contact ratio method are higher than those of the index method and the comprehensive index method. Conclusion Contact ratio method is suitable for occupational health risk assessment under the condition of incomplete occupational health information and for enterprise managers to identify key control points of health risk through self-assessment;Contact index method is suitable for hazard risk assessment of occupational hazards without sampling test conditions or OELs, and pre-assessment of occupational hazards of construction projects without access to analogical test data. The index method is suitable for occupational health risk assessment with available testing data and complete occupational health information.