高性能大型金属构件激光增材制造技术研究现状与发展趋势

Research Status and Development Trendof High Performance Large Metallic Components by Laser Additive Manufacturing Technique

高性能大型金属构件激光增材制造技术,将“高性能金属激光熔化/快速凝固材料制备”与“大型构件近净成形制造”结合,为航空、航天、船舶、电力、石化、海洋工程等高端装备中大型难加工金属构件的制造提供了新途径。综述了北京航空航天大学大型金属构件增材制造国家工程实验室在钛合金等高性能大型关键承力构件激光熔化沉积增材制造技术方向的主要进展:突破以“凝固晶粒”、“内部缺陷”及“显微组织”为核心的钛合金大型关键主承力构件激光增材制造“质量性能”控制瓶颈难题;提出系列激光增材制造工艺新方法,揭示激光增材制造过程内应力形成机理与演化规律,初步建立“变形开裂”预防方法;研制出具有原创核心关键技术的系列化大型激光增材制造工程化成套装备;自主制定了整套应用技术标准体系。北航团队研究成果在国家大型运输机、舰载机、大型运载火箭等重大装备研制生产中的工程应用,为解决装备研制生产制造瓶颈难题、提升装备结构设计制造水平、促进装备快速研制等发挥了重要作用,同时使我国在此领域处于国际领先地位。

Laser additive manufacturing technique for high performance large metallic components combines “high performance metallic laser melting/rapid set material preparation” and “near-net forming manufacturing of large components”, providing new technical approach to fabricate high-performance large metallic components, which are difficult to be prepared via traditional processing techniques in industries, such as aviation, aerospace, electric power, oil, marine and so on. This paper summarized the major progress and achievements acquired by National Engineering Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing for Large Metallic Components of Beihang University on laser melting deposition additive manufacturing technique for high performance large key load bearing components of titanium alloy, etc. The bottleneck challenges such as "solidification grain","internal defect" and "microstructure" on "quality performance" of laser additive manufacturing of large key load bearing titanium alloy components was broken through. New laser additive manufacturing technique was proposed. The formation mechanism and evolvement rule of internal stress during laser additive manufacturing were revealed. Methods for prevention of “deformation and cracking” were initially developed. Complete equipment for larger laser additive manufacturing engineering of original, core and key techniques was developed. Complete set of technical standard system for application was independently formulated. The engineering application of the research results of the Beihang team in development and production of major national equipment such as large transport aircraft, carrier aircraft and large carrier rocket plays an important role in solving the bottleneck problems in development and production of equipment, improving design and manufacture level of equipment structure, promoting the rapid development of equipment, etc. At the same time, it also makes China be internationally leading in this field.