西方马克思主义民主理论的困境及批判——以卢卡奇和哈贝马斯为例

The Dilemma and Criticism of Western Marxist Democracy:Taking Lukacs and Habermas as Example

民主问题是西方社会最具代表性的现代性话语。早期西方马克思主义虽然受黑格尔理性哲学的影响,但在转向并借用马克思主义"方法"的过程中构建了不同于黑格尔的"现实性"民主理论。哈贝马斯在试图恢复黑格尔理性因素的过程中以重建"理性"、达成"共识"的方式建立起交往理性与商谈民主。虽然在一定程度上完成对自由主义与共和主义民主传统的协调与中和,舒缓了事实性与规范性之间的紧张危机,但其对民主问题的探讨仍囿于思辨的理性化窠臼与唯心的社会历史观,更无法付诸社会实践。马克思主义的民主思想是对西方马克思主义难以付诸实践的"乌托邦式"的超越与批判,彰显其民主思想的现代性批判的理论意义与现实价值。

The issue of democracy is the most representative modern discourse in Western society.Although early Western Marxism was influenced by Hegel’s rational philosophy, it considered "realistic" democracy construction different from Hegel’s in the process of turning to and using Marxist "methods".In the process of trying to restore Hegel’s rational factors, Habermas established communicative rationality and negotiated democracy in the way of rebuilding "rationality" and reaching "consensus".Although it has completed the coordination and neutralization of the democratic tradition of liberalism and republicanism to a certain extent, and relieved the tension between factuality and normativeness, its discussion of democracy is still plagued by speculative rationalization.The ideal view of social history cannot be put into practice in society.In the democratic system of "people’s nature" and "authenticity", Marxism has completed the transcendence and criticism of the"Utopia" that Western Marxism can’t put into practice, and demonstrates the theoretical significance and reality of the modernity criticism of its democratic thought.