十六国时期诸政权立国择都的地缘政治分析

A geopolitical analysis on capital relocations in the era of the Sixteen Kingdoms

十六国时期匈奴、鲜卑诸族多选择在北方边疆的山川形胜之地定都建国,比如汉赵国起于吕梁山西侧的黄土高原,慕容部据辽西大凌河谷而由弱变强。但不是所有的山川形胜都能为民族发展提供庇护,诸族首领选择的多是那些偏离周围强大政权尤其是中原政权的浅山河谷地带。如因坚持在蛮汉山下的盛乐发展,拓跋鲜卑所建代国才得以数次中兴;亡国之余的乞伏鲜卑因选择在洮西大夏河谷复国终于称霸西北;据湟水谷地立国的南凉却因过早将国力集中于河西走廊而迅速灭亡。可见,北方边疆上的山麓河谷对诸游牧民族的发展壮大有重要意义。这对拉铁摩尔的边疆"贮存地"假说是有益的补充。

In the era of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the nomadic peoples including Huns and Xianbei usually built the cities and established the states in the piedmonts or valleys on the northern frontier. For example, the Han Zhao(汉赵) rose between the Luliang(吕梁) Mountains and the Yellow River, while the Murong(慕容) clan became powerful nearby the valley of Daling(大凌) River. Their tribe leaders preferred to live in hilly areas far from the great powers, since not all the piedmonts or valleys can be the shelters for them. There were three revivals in the Dai(代) kingdom established by the Tuoba(拓跋) clan for they persisted in living in Shengle(盛乐). Benefiting from the valley of Daxia(大夏) River the Qifu(乞伏) clan reestablished their state and became one of the strongest kingdoms in the northwest of China. By contrast, the Southern Liang(南凉) collapsed rapidly because it is too early for the Tufa clan to transfer their resources to the Hexi Corridor. This research can be a complement to Owen Lattimore's ‘Reservoir' hypothesis by revealing the significance of the piedmonts and valleys on the northern frontier.