四川省小麦育成品种系谱分析及发展进程

Pedigree and development of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province

品种系谱蕴含亲本来源、选育方式、亲缘关系等大量信息,对揭示农作物品种演变特点、规律并最终指导育种实践具有重要意义。本文汇总了四川省1936~2017年间326个小麦品种的系谱信息,对育种方式、亲本构成、高频亲本及骨干亲本的变化、遗传贡献、易位系及人工合成种质分布等情况进行了梳理与分析。从20世纪30年代至今,四川省育种家从大量材料中选用387个直接亲本,采用杂交育种等方式,配制数千个组合,从256个组合中选育出314个品种,对四川省小麦生产做出了重要贡献,同时也为小麦育种提供了更为优异的材料基础。四川省小麦育种经历了从无到有,从主要依靠引进材料、地方品种到自主创制材料的过程;高频亲本、骨干亲本随育种进程推进而逐渐变化。易位系和人工合成种质对四川省小麦育种贡献巨大。育种目标的一致性必然导致遗传多样性散失和遗传基础脆弱,今后重点应加强资源的创制、保护和利用。本文通过育成品种的系谱梳理,对四川省小麦的育种发展进程进行了分析,以期为未来种质资源的收集创制和育种研究提供重要参考信息。

Variety pedigree contains a lot of information,including parental origin,breeding methods,genetic relationship,and so on.Studying them could reveal the evolution characteristics and rules of breeding and ultimately guide practice.The pedigrees of 326 wheat varieties from 1936 to 2017 in the history of the Sichuan Province was collected and analyzed in terms of breeding methods,parental composition,changes of high frequency parents and backbone parents,genetic contribution,distribution of translocation lines and synthetic germplasms.Over the past 80 years since 1930s,breeders have selected 387 direct parents from a large number of materials,made 256 combinations by means of cross breeding,and have released 314 varieties from them,which contributed directly to wheat breeding and production in Sichuan.Wheat breeding experienced a process from utilizing landraces,introducing foreign germplasm to creating breeding materials independently;high-frequency parents and backbone parents used for breeding gradually changed in different stage of the breeding history.Synthetic germplasms contributed greatly to wheat breeding in recent years.The consistency of breeding objectives will inevitably lead to the loss of genetic diversity and the fragility of genetic basis.In the future,the protection and utilization of genetic resources should be strengthened.In this review,the development of wheat breeding in Sichuan was summarized through pedigree analysis,in order to provide a reference for future research.