政府挤占了企业人力资源吗——来自中国企业出口产品质量的证据

Does the Government Occupy the Human Resources of Enterprises:Evidence from Export Products Quality of Chinese Enterprises

文章在异质性模型基础上,引入出口产品质量,通过构建理论模型考察了政府与企业间人才配置对企业出口质量决策的影响。人力资本在政府与企业间的配置是决定企业出口质量的重要因素,政府对人才的过度占用将导致其对高技能劳动的"竞争效应"高于生产率"溢出效应",从而抑制企业的出口质量的提升。基于此,文章采用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据、中国工业企业数据、中国海关数据及其匹配数据,通过构建计量模型检验了政府与企业间人才配置对中国企业出口产品质量的影响。研究发现:虽然公务员人力资本水平的提高有助于政府公共物品提供,但是却挤占了企业生产中对高技能劳动力的使用,政府、企业间人才配置所带来的高技能劳动力"竞争效应"显著高于公共物品"溢出效应",从而通过提升高技能劳动力的工资水平,抑制了中国企业出口产品质量的提升,这一结论在考虑了变量的度量、模型形式设定与内生性问题之后仍然稳健;进一步检验发现政府部门对企业人力资本的"竞争效应"在不同行业间存在显著地差异性,对与政府人力资本结构更为相似行业的出口质量压抑效应更大;在对出口产品质量进行动态分解后,文章研究发现政府与企业间人才配置对出口质量的负面影响主要源自于在位企业的企业内与企业间效应,而非进入与退出效应。

Under the condition of limited human capital, the allocation of talents between government and enterprises is an important factor in determining the efficiency of human capital allocation. It has important implications for the upgrading of Chinese enterprises' export quality and the transformation of trade development mode. Based on this, with heterogeneity trade model, the paper reveals the mechanism of talent allocation between government and enterprises affecting the quality of China's exports. The influence of government talent occupation on the export quality upgrade of Chinese enterprises is uncertain. On the one hand, the government's occupation of high - skilled labor will lead to a decline in the number of high - skilled labor available to enterprises, resulting in an increase in the wage level of high - skilled labor, thereby jeopardizing the export quality of enterprises;On the other hand, the use of high - skilled labor in government will enhance public goods provision, improving the quality of exports.Based on heterogeneity model, imbedding the quality of export products into model, the paper constructs a theoretical model to examine the impact of talent allocation between government-enterprises on enterprise export quality decision - making. The allocation of human capital between the government and enterprises is an important factor to impact the export quality of enterprises. The excessive occupation of talents by the government will lead to a higher " competitive effect" for high - skilled labor than the "spillover effect" of productivity for government management. Thus, talent allocation between government 一 enterprises will inhibit the improvement of export quality of enterprises. With the sampling survey data of 1 % national population in 2005, China's industrial enterprise data, China customs data and matched data, the paper constructs an econometric model to test the impacts of talents allocation between government and enterprises on the quality of products that exported by Chinese firms. The empirical study found that: Although the improvement of civil servant human capital in government departments and public institutions can help government provide public goods, it occupies the use of high 一 skilled labor in enterprise production. Hence, two effects brought about by the allocation of talents between government and enterprises: "competitive effect" of highly -skilled labor is significantly higher than the "spillover effect" of public goods, which has suppressed the upgrading of exporting products quality. After considering about the measurement of key variables, model settings and endogenous problems, the result is still robust. In the further study, we find that the "competitive effect" caused by governments occupying enterprises' high 一 skilled human capital is significantly different between industries. The human capital structure of industries that more similar with the government one would be restrained severer in export quality upgrading. After the dynamic decomposition of the exporting products quality, we found that negative impacts of the talents allocation problem are mainly derived from the incumbent firms in within and across effects, rather than enter and exit effects. Therefore, according to the result, timely adjustment employing standards and policies of government has important policy implication for realizing the upgrading of China's export quality and the transformation of trade development mode.