“父爱主义”的延展及其机制——以20世纪六七十年代上海国营企业精简职工为例

The Extension and Mechanism of Paternalism:With Employment Streamlining in Shanghai’s SOE in 1960s and 1970s as An Example

既有研究提出,计划经济时期,政府利用自上而下的行政手段,将个人直接或间接地组织到单位之中,并要求单位对工人提供全方位的关怀,构成类似于"父爱主义"的关系结构.本文对20世纪六七十年代精简职工的案例进行考察,发现"父爱主义"具有动态特征,会根据制度环境的变化,弹性调整内容构成和适用人群.具体而言,"父爱主义"的实施范围会在应对危机,解决"倒逼"的背景下突破组织边界,构成单位体制的向外延展态势.研究表明,计划经济时期形成的政府-单位"双重治理结构",使得国营企业能够通过延展"父爱主义"的方式消解政治风险,起到减压阀的作用.改革开放之后,随着单位体制的瓦解与经济结构的转型,寻找新型社会治理模式刻不容缓,为此,有必要重新构建国家、社会与个人之间的有机联系,达到善治.

Existing studies have suggested that,during the planned economy period,the government used topdown administrative means to organize individuals directly or indirectly into the unit and required the urdt to provide workers with all-round care which bore resemblance to a "paternalist" relationship. This paper examines the employment-streamlining cases in the 1960s and 1970s and finds that "paternalism" was of a dynamic nature,with its content and objects adjustable in response to the changes of the institutional environment. In coping with crises,the unit launched an inside-out unit reform initiative. As a result,the "paternalism" broke through the organizational boundaries,and went beyond the planned economy unit system. Studies have shown that the "dual governance structure" of the government and the unit formed during the planned economy period enabled state-owned enterprises to dissolve political risks by extending "paternalism" as a pressure-reducing valve. With the reform and opening up,and the subsequent collapse of the planned-economy enterprise system and the transformation of the economic structure,it is imperative to find a new type of social governance model. To this end,it's necessary to build an organic relationship between the country,the society and individuals,so that the sound governance can be achieved.