威廉·洪堡的“全面教育”理念:目标、制度与知识观

Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Idea of Allgemeinbildung: The Objective, Institutions and Knowledge Theory

洪堡希望通过"全面教育"培养普鲁士国家的完善公民,为未知领域做准备,保留人类从未挖掘过的能力。"全面教育"分阶段展开,在小学学习常识,在中学"学会学习",在大学达成"教育与科研的统一"。"全面教育"遵从理性主义知识观,培养人们将一般用于特殊的能力。然而,"全面教育"理念隐含的内部矛盾使得这一乌托邦性质的思想难以实现。通识教育思想继承了"全面教育"理念,而怎样调节与专业教育的关系,如何处理教育中个人利益与整体利益、短期利益与长远利益间的矛盾,则是"全面教育"和通识教育共同面对的基本问题。

Humboldt hopes to cultivate a perfect citizenship for the Prussian state through Allgemeinbildung and retaining the potential power of the people. Allgemeinbildung consists of three phases, acquiring knowledge in primary school, learning to learn in middle school and advocates "unification of education and scientific research** in universities. Allgemeinbildung advocates the knowledge theory of rationalism, which cultivates the reason ability from the general to the particular. However, the internal contradictions implied by Humboldt's Allgemeinbildung concept make it difficult to realize. General Education inherits the idea of Allgemeinbildung. How to adjust the relationship between professional education and general education, and deal with the contradiction between personal interests and overall interests, short-term interests and long-term interests has become a common problem.