《斯瓦尔巴条约》对斯瓦尔巴群岛法律地位的影响研究

On the Influences of Svalbard Treaty on the Legal Status of Svalbard Archipelago

《斯瓦尔巴条约》对斯瓦尔巴群岛法律地位的影响包括对斯岛主权的影响及对斯岛海洋权利的影响。《斯瓦尔巴条约》对斯岛主权的影响包括3个方面:其一,使原来的主权竞争者退出了竞争;其二,使挪威在斯岛的控制行为合法化;其三,非缔约国对《斯瓦尔巴条约》所确立的挪威在斯岛的主权并未提出反对意见,构成对其主权的默认,三者共同使挪威在斯岛的主权合法化。依据《斯瓦尔巴条约》,缔约国公民在斯岛陆地和领海享有进行海事、工业、矿业、商业活动的权利,以及为了实现此权利通过大陆架及其上覆海域进入斯岛领海的权利,但不享有对斯岛大陆架自然资源进行开发的权利。挪威对斯岛的渔业保护区主张缺乏国际法依据,不具有合法性。中国作为《斯瓦尔巴条约》成员国,可在斯岛的陆地和领海等相关海域享有一系列权利。

The Svalbard Treaty influences Svalbard Archipelago’s legal status both on its sovereignty and on its maritime rights. The treaty influences the sovereignty of Svalbard Archipelago on three aspects: first, other states that have competed in claiming the sovereignty over the archipelago have to withdraw;second, the Svalbard Treaty legalizes Norway’s control over the Svalbard Archipelago;third, non-contracting states did not raise any objection to the Norway’s sovereignty over Svalbard Archipelago, which is entitled by Svalbard Treaty , and thereby constitute their acquiescence in Norway’s sovereignty over it. These three factors jointly legalize Norway’s sovereignty over the Svalbard Archipelago. According to the Svalbard Treaty , the nationals of the party states have the rights to engage in maritime, industrial, mining, commercial activities both on land and in the territorial waters of the Svalbard Archipelago, as well as, for the sake of the rights mentioned, the right to pass through its continental shelf and superjacent waters to enter its territorial sea. But the party states do not enjoy the rights to the natural resources on its continental shelf. Norway’s claim of fishery protection zone lacks legal ground in international law and thus is short of legitimacy. As a state party to the Svalbard Treaty , China has a series of rights on the land, territorial waters and relevant waters of the Svalbard Archipelago.