短跑专项力量训练手段训练效应的实证研究——以拖重物跑为例

Experimental Research on Training Effect of Sled Towing for Sprint Performance

研究目的:探究拖重物跑训练手段对短跑运动员的身体素质、途中跑阶段的技术特征及下肢环节肌肉力量的影响,深入认识其对短跑途中跑技术和专项力量的作用机制。研究方法:对14名男子二级左右水平短跑运动员进行为期8周每周3次6%~10%BM负荷的拖重物跑训练,采用高速摄像分析法、等动肌力测试法分析运动员身体素质;支撑阶段髋、膝、踝关节运动学参数和下肢各环节肌肉力量实验前后的变化情况。结果:(1)实验后运动员30m、60m、立定跳远、立定三级跳远等身体素质及专项成绩显著提高;(2)步长、重心水平速度显著性提高,两大腿剪绞平均速度提高、单步时间减少;支撑阶段最小膝、踝角显著降低,角速度提高;(3)髋、膝关节伸/屈肌群PT/BW、AP除膝关节60°/sPT/BW值未见统计学意义,其余各角速度下PT/BW、AP均呈显著性差异,踝关节跖屈肌群各角速度下PT/BW值显著提高,跖屈肌群60°/s速度下AP提高,背屈肌群AP略降低。结论:适宜负荷的拖重物跑训练可显著改善短跑运动员运动素质、提高运动成绩;有利于提高髋关节剪绞—制动力量,使膝、踝关节处于低位超等长“屈蹬”状态;提高了髋、膝关节屈伸肌群快速主动收缩能力及踝关节跖屈肌群退让性快速收缩能力。

The main purpose of this study was to summarize the influences of sled towing training on sprint,sports qualities,kinematic parameters and muscle strengths link of lower limb and try to reveal the relationship between specific strength and sprint technology.Method:High-speed photography and isokinetic testing analysis was made on 14 male sprinters’ kinematics and kinetics parameters after 8 weeks sled towing training.It was shown that sled towing training could improving the performance of 30m,60m,standing jump.It shortened the step time,the angle in knee,and ankle but accelerated the angular velocity,presented the trend of lower leg more curl.It could significant improve extensor and flexor of hip/knee except the 60°/sPT/BW of the knee,as well as the plantar flexion muscle strength.Therefore,sled towing training with appropriate load could improve sports qualities and specific strength.