策略与政局:第二次直奉战争后吴佩孚坚不下野的原因

Strategy and Political Situation: Wu Peifu’s Refusal to Resign after the Second War between Zhili Clique and Fengtian Faction Warlords

第二次直奉战争是吴佩孚一生中遭遇的一次重大挫折,而其是否下野成为反直方与直系博弈的一个焦点,对执政府重建和实现国内和平影响巨大。目前关于吴佩孚下野的一些说法不符合当时军政要人下野的惯例,不足以成为吴佩孚下野的证据。吴佩孚所谓下野是其敷衍和蒙骗反直方和湖北军界的一种策略。吴佩孚坚不下野的原因比较复杂,倔强、高傲的性格和不认输的心理是其拒不下野的内在动力,解救软禁中的曹锟和报答曹锟是其难以放弃的目标,反直方的拉拢和仁慈使吴佩孚有机可乘,拼凑的军队为其抵抗反直方提供了武力,直系军阀和友人的帮助为其渡过难关提供了支持。吴佩孚坚不下野使其维系了在军界的声誉和威望,为东山再起奠定了基础,北方的军政格局由此愈加复杂。

The second war between Zhili Clique and Fengtian Faction warlords led to the major setback in Wu Peifu's life.Whether he should resign became a focus of dispute between the Zhili Clique warlords and the anti-Zhili Clique warlords in their competition for power,and left huge impact on the government's reconstruction and the domestic peace.Some of the current claims about Wu Peifu's resignation are not in line with the resignation customs of military and political leaders at that time,and are not sufficient evidences of Wu Peifu's resignation from the political and military arena.Wu Peifu's so-called resignation is a strategy of perfunctory for deceiving his opponents and the Hubei military powers.The reasons that Wu Peifu's resignation are more complicated.His stubbornness and arrogance,and his psychology of refusing to accept defeat are the internal motives of his refusal to resign;the rescue of Cao Kun,his patron held in house arrest,is a goal hard to give up;the solicitation and kindness of the anti-Zhili Clique enabled him to take advantage of them.The hastily assembled army provided force for his resistance to the anti-Zhili Clique,and the help of Zhili Clique warlords and friends provided support for him to tide over the difficulties.Wu Peifu's persistence in the field has maintained his reputation and prestige in the military and laid the foundation for his resurgence,thus making the military and political situation in the north more complicated.