国内外堆肥标准分析及其对中国的借鉴启示

Analysis of composting standards at home and abroad and its enlightenment to China

中国农业废弃物产量巨大,堆肥是农业废弃物资源化利用的主要方式之一,也是养分和有机质回收到土壤中的方法。结合国内外堆肥标准制定情况,通过分析对比无害化指标、有机质、总养分、重金属、含水率等指标,指出中国存在就农业废弃物处理缺乏专业化堆肥及有机肥标准推进委员会、对堆肥产品中氮磷钾和有机质含量的最低限值较高及未建立堆肥标准体系等问题。建议国家组建堆肥标准制定专家委员会或堆肥协会,进一步规范有机肥生产运行管理,进一步修订有机肥、生物有机肥、沼肥等标准,建立完善的堆肥标准体系。

In recent years,with the rapid development of modern agriculture in China,the production of agricultural wastes has increased sharply.Agricultural organic wastes can be made into organic fertilizer after composting and fermentation,which has the characteristics of increasing fertility and improving crop quality.Therefore,the use of agricultural waste compost and organic fertilizer is in line with the direction of sustainable agricultural development.The composting and organic fertilizer industry in China still has small scattered phenomenon and low standardization,which affects the development of the industry to some extent.Through the systematical analysis and comparison of compost and manure standards at home and abroad,and the analysis of comparative index of harmless,organic matter,total nutrient and moisture content of heavy metals and indicators,the paper points out that China's agricultural waste treatment is lack of professional compost and manure standards committee,N,P,K in the composting products and the lowest limit of organic matter content is higher,and compost standard system and a series of problems has not been established.Europe and the United States professional association has been established for the standard of waste disposal,therefore,suggesting a compost standard or composting association expert committee.At the same time the composting association is responsible for building a compost manure detection network,irregular or organic fertilizer for composting product key indicators of spot check,on a regular basis on the agricultural environment such as soil organic matter,soil total nitrogen,available phosphorus,heavy metal content,and testing,realizing the whole process from production to use regulatory scrutiny.We will further standardize the production and operation management of organic fertilizers,revise the standards for organic fertilizers,biological organic fertilizers,and marsh fertilizers,and reasonably set the standard limits.There is no mandatory minimum limit for the content of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and organic matter.At the same time,the limits of heavy metals Cu,Zn and Ni are included in the standard system and the limits of heavy metals Pb should be relaxed.Europe and the United States,and other developed countries attach great importance to quality of fertilizer and application of standards,and all the while perfecting fertilizer standards,strictly control quality of compost and manure standards,actively explore technology and evaluation standard,organic fertilizer application on compost characteristic analytical method of process technology,procedures,product quality standards,engineering technical standards series standard,and basicly form a compost standards system.Therefore,China also needs to improve the compost standard system,explore the organic fertilizer application technology and evaluation standards.Through the above measures and improvement methods,the development of China's organic fertilizer and compost industry will be promoted to make the utilization of agricultural waste more effective.