四川某储备粮库职业病危害及控制特征分析

Analysis on Occupational Disease Hazard and Control Characteristics of A Reserve Grain Bank in Sichuan Province

目的识别、分析和评价四川某储备粮库日常运行过程中可能产生及存在的职业病危害因素及防护现状,为用人单位提供职业病防治建议。方法 2017-2018年依据国家有关标准对四川某储备粮库进行职业病危害现场调查、现场检测,并对其结果进行汇总,分析所涉及的职业病危害因素发生规律和分布特点。结果该用人单位主要从事粮食的储存和保管熏蒸,不涉及其他生产作业,生产工艺主要由货车卸粮、筛分、除虫、出库等部分组成,运行过程中主要存在和产生的职业病危害因素有粉尘(谷物粉尘)、化学因素(磷化氢)、物理因素(噪声、高温)等。检测结果显示:①各岗位8 h连续等效A声级均符合国家相关标准要求,但收发工岗位8 h连续等效A声级大于80 dB(A),属于噪声作业岗位。②出入库与收发员粉尘8 h时间加权平均浓度及其对应的操作位(卸粮、平整、筛分)短时间接触浓度均不符合国家相关标准要求,为本用人单位的粉尘关键控制岗位及点位。但2018年卸粮、平整、筛分操作位处的粉尘浓度比2017年低。③磷化氢检测结果均低于检出限,符合国家相关标准要求。该企业防护设施及措施的设置主要涉及防尘、防毒、防噪声、防高温4方面。用人单位建立了《职业病防护用品管理制度》,并发放了相应的个人防护用品;制定了应急救援预案,但未进行应急演练;制定了《职业健康监护及其档案管理制度》,近3年来仅2018年进行了在岗期间的职业健康检查;未进行岗前及离岗体检。体检结果表明,该用人单位目前无职业禁忌证、疑似职业病和职业病患者。结论用人单位虽然投入了大量的人力、物力、财力去推进职业病防治工作,但在粉尘浓度控制、应急救援、职业卫生管理及职业健康监护四方面工作仍存在不足。在今后的工作中,用人单位需从多方面、多角度进行准备,采用更加机械化、智能化、防护性能更好的设备,才能更有效的保护好劳动者的职业健康。

Objective To identify, analyze and evaluate the occupational disease hazard factors and protective status in the daily operation of a reserve grain store in Sichuan province, so as to provide suggestions for the employer to prevent occupational disease. Methods According to the relevant national standards, the on-site investigation and detection of occupational hazards were carried out in a grain depot in Sichuan from 2017 to 2018. The results were summarized, the occurrence regularity and distribution characteristics of occupational hazards were analyzed. Results The employer is mainly engaged in the storage and grain fumigation, with no other production operations. The production process is mainly composed of unloading, screening, insecticide removal, warehousing and other parts. The main occupational hazards in the operation process are dust(grain dust), chemical factors(phosphine),physical factors(noise,high temperature) and so on. The results show that:①The 8-hour continuous equivalent A sound level of each post meets the requirements of relevant national standards,but the 8-hour continuous equivalent A sound level of the transceiver post is more than80 dB(A), which belongs to the noise work position.② The 8-hour weighted average dust concentration and its corresponding short-term contact concentration(unloading, leveling and screening) of the warehouse and the receivers and receivers do not meet the requirements of the relevant national standards,which are the key control positions and locations of the dust hazard for the employers. However,the dust concentration at unloading,leveling and screening operation sites in 2018 is lower than that in 2017.③ The detection results of phosphine are lower than the detection limit, which meets the requirements of relevant national standards. The establishment of protective facilities and measures in this enterprise mainly involves four aspects: dust prevention,poison prevention,noise prevention and high temperature prevention. Employers have established the Management System of Occupational Disease Protection,the emergency rescue plan was made,but no emergency drill was conducted. The Occupational Health Care and Its Archives Management System was also formulated, but the enterprise only carried out in-service occupational health examination once in 2018 during the past three years,with no pre-service and post-service physical examination. The results of physical examination show that there are no occupational contraindications,suspected occupational diseases and occupational diseases in the employing unit at present. Conclusion Although employers have invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to promote the prevention and control of occupational diseases, there are still shortcomings in four aspects: dust concentration control, emergency rescue, occupational health management and occupational health monitoring. In the future work, employers need to prepare from many aspects and angles,adopt more mechanized,intelligent and better protective equipment,in order to protect workers’ occupational health in a more effective way.