丘陵山区旱作节水技术与农业机械化发展现状及趋势

Water-saving techniques in dry farming and actualities and trends of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas in China

丘陵山区旱作农业节水技术与全程机械化水平的提高对保障区域作物生产以及农业机械化全面实现都具有重要意义。丘陵山区旱作农田机械化节水技术的核心是以"少耕护土、深耕贮墒、集雨补灌,减蒸降耗"为主线的降水的高效利用。目前丘陵山区农业机械化整体发展水平低且不平衡、不充分,全程机械化生产薄弱环节多,机具供给结构失衡、适用机具缺乏等问题突出。先天不利的自然条件,农机农艺不配套,机制不健全及投资收益低等是制约丘陵山区农业机械化发展的主要因素。突破山区农机发展制约的有效途径主要有开展农田宜机化改造,加强农机农艺融合,建立协同创新机制,加大扶持宣传力度等。未来丘陵山区农业机械化将会朝农机农艺高度融合化、适度规模化、全程机械化、智能高效信息化等方向发展。

The farmland in hilly and mountainous areas is an important production base for cereal and oil crops and featured cash crops in China. Since dry farming is the dominant practice in hilly and mountainous areas, water-saving techniques are of great significance to ensure crop yield and the operation quality of agricultural machinery. Increasing the mechanized production level in entire proceeding in hilly and mountainous areas plays an important role in realizing comprehensive agricultural modernization. Efficient use of precipitation is the key to mechanized water-saving technology in dry land farmland in hilly and mountainous areas, and detailed technical approaches include "conservation tillage, deep tillage to reserve moisture, collecting rainwater for emergency irrigation, reduce evaporation and decrease transpiration, etc." At present, the overall development level of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas is low, unbalanced, and insufficient. Many weak links exist in the entire mechanized production process. Moreover, the supply structure of agricultural machinery is imbalance, and the lack of applicable machinery is prominent. The unfavorable natural conditions, unmatched agricultural machinery and agronomy, the imperfect mechanism and low investment income are the main factors which restrict the development of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas. It might be an effective way to break through the constraints by carrying out the transformation of farmland, strengthening the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, establishing a collaborative innovation mechanism, and increasing government investment. The deeper integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, moderate scale operating, complete mechanization, intelligence and informatization would be the trends of agricultural mechanization development in hilly and mountainous areas. The research might provide theoretical references for elevating the agricultural mechanization level in hilly and mountainous areas in China.