试论美国“高校体工队”模式下的竞技体育人才培养——基于典型个案调研

On the Cultivation of Competitive Sports Talents under the Model of “School Teams in Universities” in the USA——Based on Typical Case Studies

为了挖掘美国为什么能从高校走出众多体育人才的原因,运用文献资料法、访谈法、实地调查法,以亚利桑那州立大学的竞技体育人才培养为实例进行研究,认为:美国部分高校体育部是“体育局”性质的管理组织架构;现代化的场馆设施、职业化的教练团队、专业化的训练、体系化的大学赛事,走的是“体工队”的一套专业训练模式,协助运动员在竞技水平上“更高、更快、更强”;学业上NCAA相关规章制度及体育奖学金的契约制度将“学训矛盾”转化成“学训互促”,实现训练学习两条腿走路;通过竞赛杠杆撬动高校竞技体育市场价值以获取发展的经费支持,各方受益形成良性循环,维持整个系统的良好运转。结论:“体工队”驻扎在高校中接受训练与文化学习,实现竞技学业双丰收,是“体教融合”的“高校体工队”的运动员培养模式,是将教育与体育高度融合的健康发展之路。相比较而言,目前我国高校的高水平运动队所处位置尴尬,培养竞技体育人才的各方条件并不成熟,发展受限、“有名无实”,发展之路值得反思。

In order to explore why the United States can get out of many sports talents from colleges and universities,using the literature method,interview method,and field investigation method,taking the training of competitive sports talents of Arizona State University as an example,the research believes that some sports departments in the United States are“sports bureaus”,the nature of the management organization structure;modern venue facilities,professional coaching team,professional training,systematic university competitions,is a set of professional training mode of“sports team”to help athletes at the competitive level“higher,faster,stronger”;the academic contract system of NCAA and the sports scholarship contract system transforms the“contradictions of academic training”into“study and mutual promotion”,realizes training and learning to walk on two legs.In order to support the development of the value of the competitive sports market in the colleges and universities,all parties benefited to form a virtuous circle and maintain the good operation of the whole system.It is concluded that the“physical team”is stationed in colleges and universities to receive training and cultural studies,and achieve a double harvest of competitive academics.It is the athlete training mode of the“college sports team”of“integration of sports and education”,is a healty development path that integrates educaiton and sprts.Compared with the current position of high-level sports teams in China’s colleges and universities,the conditions for cultivating competitive sports talents are not mature,development is limited,and“there is no name”.The road to development is worthy of reflection.