从多中心规划到多中心治理

FROM POLYCENTRIC PLANNING TO POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE

基于对大规模人口增长和持续城市化的预测,城市未来学家长久以来已经为他样的城市未来制定了不同的范式愿景。虽然这些不同的趋向各具特色,但创造有序、平衡和美丽的生活环境对规划专业人员具有永恒的吸引力,最持久不衰的趋向之一便是多中心规划,其出现于19世纪后半叶,并以由埃比尼泽·霍华德、帕特里克·格迪斯、刘易斯·芒福德和雷蒙德·昂温等学者所提出的多种宜人尺度的“花园城市”为代表[1]。花园城市的基本特征可简要概括为围绕多个精心规划的中心发展起来的大都市。这些分中心的协调运作是经济和规划战略的基础,可指导现代大都市的合理建设—综合的运输系统、有效的通信网络,以及均衡的社区将逐步形成,居民也将享受到丰富的文化娱乐生活。

In anticipation of massive population growth and continuing urbanization, urban futurists have historically formulated various normative visions for alternative urban futures. Despite the diverse agendas embedded in these different trends, the ambition of achieving order, balance, and beauty has a timeless appeal to planning professionals. One of the most enduring trends is polycentric planning which emerged during the second half of the 19th century, exemplified by the variants of human-scale Garden Cities envisioned by Ebenezer Howard, Patrick Geddes, Lewis Mumford, and Raymond Unwin[1]. These Garden Cities were characteristically planned metropolitan developments articulated through a number of clearly defined centers. The coordinated interrelationships between these nodes provided a foundation for an economic and planning strategy from which the rational construction of the modern metropolis could be articulated. Integrated transportation systems, efficient communication networks, and balanced communities could then be developed and land set aside for cultural and recreational purposes.