国外农产品最低支持价格政策演进及其对中国的启示

Evolution and Enlightenment of Minimum Support Price Policy for Foreign Agricultural Products

本文在梳理国内外农产品最低支持价格政策研究文献的基础上,探讨了各国价格支持政策的实施背景、政策内容、政策效果和演变趋势。研究表明,为解决农产品供不应求、农民收入过低等问题,部分国家以生产成本和市场价格为参考标准,制定并实施了最低支持价格政策,对于鼓励农业生产、增加农民收入发挥了一定作用,但也导致了粮食生产过剩和市场价格扭曲等问题,为避免市场扭曲并保证农民收益,各国逐渐将最低支持价格政策转变为直接收入补贴,辅之以限产休耕、农业保险和绿色发展等配套措施。我国在当前农产品价格形成机制的改革过程中,应当吸取世界各国经验,对粮食最低收购价、临时收储和目标价格补贴政策进行改革时,应实施"脱钩化"和"半脱钩化"设计,以利用"蓝箱"空间和非特定产品支持的"黄箱"空间;同时通过限产休耕和定向直接补贴等方式调整农业生产结构,并通过农业保险和政府一般服务等政策措施,保障农民收益和国家粮食安全。

On the basis of reviewing domestic and foreign research literature,this paper summarizes the implement background,policy content,policy effect and evolutionary trend of price support policies in various countries. The research shows that some countries have formulated and implemented minimum support price policies for solving the problems of agricultural products shortage and low income of farmers,taking production costs and market prices as reference standards. This kind of policy has made brilliant achievement,while it has also caused overproduction of food and distortion of market price. To avoid some series of problems,many countries began to implement direct income subsidies,limited yield and fallow polices. In the process of reforming the price formation mechanism of agricultural products,China should absorb the experience of other countries,range from coupling subsidy to decoupling and semi-decoupling subsidy to take advantage of "blue box ",and release the policy space for non-product-specific AMS( Aggregate Measurement of Support) in"amber box",adjust the structure of agricultural production by limit production,lie fallow and targeted direct subsidy,and implement the measures,such as agricultural insurance and government general services to protect farmers’ income and national food security.