从弥足珍贵的互助同盟到代价深痛的全面对抗——关于冷战时代中苏关系演变路径与教训的再思考

From the Precious Mutual Aid Alliance to the Costly Comprehensive Confrontation——Rethinking the Evolution Path and Lessons of China-Soviet Relations in the Cold War

20世纪50年代初,中国与苏联因志同道合而结成战略性同盟。苏联为新中国经济文化建设提供了多方面支持和帮助,中国一度出现“以苏为师”现象,苏联模式对中国社会产生了重大而深远的影响。斯大林逝世后,中苏两党出现分歧,60年代后发展为意识形态论战。虽然双方为缓和关系做出过努力,国际上友好政党也曾居中劝和,最终于事无补。到60年代中后期两国关系发展为全面对抗,双方均为此付出沉重代价,世界力量对比和国际战略格局也因此出现巨大变化。由于历史积怨与现实冲突相互交织,互信缺失叠加战略误判,双方边界谈判陷入僵局,国家关系正常化谈判难有起色。70年代末,中国改革开放后重新评估国际形势与外部环境,中苏关系改善的机会渐趋成熟。80年代中期苏联内外政策全面调整,但“三大障碍”一时难以解决。直到苏联风雨飘摇之际,中苏两国才在“结束过去开辟未来”八字方针指导下,最终实现关系正常化。

In the early 1950s,China and the Soviet Union formed strategic alliance because of their like-mindedness.The Soviet Union offered a lot of support and assistance for the construction of the new China’s economy and culture.Due to the trend of “taking the Soviet Union as a teacher”,the Soviet model had a profound impact on the Chinese society.After the death of Stalin,disagreement was voiced in the communist parties in the two countries and then it developed into an ideological debate in the 1960s.In the middle and late 1960s,the relationship between the two countries developed into comprehensive confrontation and both sides paid a heavy price for this.Accordingly,the global power structure and strategic pattern also changed a lot.In the late 1970s,China reassessed the international situation and the external environment after the reform and opening-up,and the opportunities for improving China-Soviet relations gradually emerged.In the mid-1980s,the Soviet Union’s domestic and external policies were comprehensively adjusted.Until the Soviet Union was nearing its end,the relations betwen China and the Soviet Union were finally normalized in terms of the policy of “closing the past and opening up the future”.