不同时间点中学生父母教养方式的变化趋势研究

Research on the changing trends of parental rearing patterns of middle school students at different time points

目的探讨不同时间点中学生父母教养方式的变化趋势,为学生家庭心理健康教育提供指导性建议。方法采用多级抽样方法,运用“父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)”对哈尔滨市某区1999、2009与2006、2016年时间点的初、高中学生进行了统一问卷调查。结果①2009与1999年比较:父母教养方式得分均下降;2016与2006年比较,除父母亲情感温暖理解得分下降外,其它消极教养方式均有升高。②2009年与1999年比较:男生母亲过分干涉保护、惩罚严厉下降幅度最大为10.5%、14.1%,女生母亲过分干涉保护、惩罚严厉下降幅度为6.2%、12.7%;初中父亲惩罚严厉与过度保护、母亲过分干涉保护与惩罚严厉下降幅度分别为7.3%、9.0%、10.2%、12.5%;高中母亲过分干涉保护、惩罚严厉下降最明显为7.2%、14.8%。③2016与2006年比较:男生父母情感温暖理解下降了6.1%、8.8%,父亲过度保护上升了11.0%,女生父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护上升了8.5%、17.9%,母亲情感温暖理解降低了7.2%(P<0.05);初中父母情感温暖理解下降了6.0%、11.3%,父亲过度保护上升了13.7%;高中父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护上升了8.3%和15.6%。结论父母对孩子情感温暖理解、过分干涉保护教养方式随时间显著减少,其他教养方式存在性别和年级不同,因此,亟待改善家庭教养方式促进学生身心健康发展。

Objective To explore the changing trends of parental rearing patterns of middle school students at different time points, and to provide guidance and suggestions for students’ family mental health education. Methods The multi-level sampling method was adopted and the "parenting style evaluation scale(EMBU)" was used to conduct a unified questionnaire survey on primary and high school students at four different time points in 1999, 2009, 2006 and 2016 in a district of Harbin. Results ①Compared with 1999, the scores of parenting style of both parents decreased in 2009;In comparison with 2006, except for the decline in parents’ emotional warmth understanding score, other negative parenting styles all showed an increase in 2016;②Compared with 1999, the most obvious decrease was in excessive interference and severe punishment by male mothers, reaching 10.5% and 14.1% respectively, while the over-interference protection and punishment severity of female parents decreased by 6.2% and 12.7% respectively. In junior high school, the severity of punishment and over-protection for fathers and over-interference for mothers decreased by 7.3%, 9.0%, 10.2% and 12.5% respectively.The trend of excessive interference in protection and severe punishment by high school mothers was obvious, with a decrease of 7.2% and 14.8% respectively;③Compared with 2006, the understanding of the emotional warmth of male parents decreased by 6.1% and 8.8%, and the understanding of the emotional warmth of male parents increased by 11.0%;the understanding of the emotional warmth of female parents increased by 8.5% and 17.9%, and the understanding of the emotional warmth of female parents decreased by 7.2%(P<0.05). In junior high school, the understanding of parents’ emotional warmth decreased to 6.0% and 11.3%, and the overprotection of fathers increased to 13.7%. Punishments for high school fathers rose 8.3% and overprotection rose 15.6%. Conclusion With the passage of time, parents’ understanding of children’s emotional warmth and excessive interference in the way of protective upbringing have a significant decreasing trend. There are differences between genders and grades in other ways of upbringing. Therefore, it is urgent to improve family parenting style to promote students’ physical and mental health development.