科西克辩证法视野中的“现实”

The "Reality" in Karel Kosik’s Dialectics

科西克辩证法把握社会历史现实的路径,至少奠基于两个要素:德国观念论的认知建构主义和马克思从抽象上升到具体的辩证法。一方面,科西克对“现实”概念的理解和康德所提出的“物自体”概念相关,但是他对这个概念进行了历史唯物主义改造,认为“现实”是作为主体感性实践活动结果的社会历史现实。另一方面,受康德所开创的认知建构主义的影响,科西克认为社会历史现实是可以被认识的,认识工具就是马克思“从抽象上升到具体”的辩证法。在此基础上,科西克运用从抽象上升到具体的辩证法分析当代资本主义社会。在科西克看来,资本主义社会的功利主义实践造就的日常思维所揭示的只是作为现实非本质结构的“伪具体”,而劳动群众只有在批判的、革命的实践中形成辩证思维,才能打破伪具体,最终实现对社会历史现实的科学把握,即揭示作为现实本质结构的“具体总体”。总之,在科西克看来,“伪具体”的世界和“具体总体”的世界都是人们对现实进行建构的结果,但只有后者才在科学的基础上把握了现实的本质结构,尽管如此,打破“伪具体”和树立“具体的总体”却是同一个过程。

This paper explores the approaches to grasping social and historical reality with Karel Kosik’s dialectics based on both the cognitive constructivism of German idealism and Marx’s dialectics of ascending from the abstract to the concrete.Kosik’s conception of“reality”is related to Kant’s view of thing in itself.However,Kosik transformed it from the perspective of historical materialism,regarding“reality”to be the social and historical reality as the result of perceptual practice of subjects.Following Kant’s cognitive constructivism,Kosik contends that social and historical reality can be cognized and Marxist dialectics of ascending from the abstract to the concrete is the approach to such cognition.In analyzing contemporary capitalist society by such approach,Kosik claims that the“pseudo-concrete”unveiled by the daily thinking caused by the utilitarian practice is merely the nonessential structure of reality.Only with the dialectical thinking of the working masses forged in critical and revolutionary practice can the pseu-concrete be destroyed and the essence of the social and historical reality,namely the concrete totality in Kosik’s terminology,be ultimately grasped.In a word,both the pseu-concrete and the concrete totality are the results of humankind’s construction of reality,with only the concrete totality grasping the essence of reality in a scientific manner.Nonetheless,for Kosik,to destroy the pseu-concrete and establish the concrete totality fall in the same process.