元代医户初探——兼谈医户与医学教育之关系

A Study on the System of Medical Household in the Yuan Dynasty——On the Relationship between Medical Households and Medical Education

元代创立“诸色户计”制度,并按照职业属性,将从医之家固定为“医户”,以保障医疗资源的供给。医户归太医院统领,政府设立官医提举司和官医提领所等专门机构管理医户,并给予医户减免赋役的优遇。医户须参与地方三皇庙和惠民局机构的建设、维护与运行等地方事务,政府要求医户提供医学生员,但与传统的家学以及师徒传授相比,医学教育并未成为时人习医的主要途径。此外,从医户制度也可窥得北方游牧制度与汉地制度的融合。

In the Yuan Dynasty,the system of“household of various trades”is established.According to the occupational nature,the family specializing in medicine is classed as“medical household”,for the guarantee of the supply of medical resources.The medical households are led by the imperial hospital and administered by special agencies established by the government.They are even given the special treatment of being exempted from the taxes and corvees.They are required to participate in local affairs such as the construction,maintenance and operation of the temples and the institution of the Medical Institute of Benevolence.The government requires the medical households to provide medical students.However,compared with traditional family education and master-apprentice teaching,medical education has not become the main way for people to study medicine.In addition,the medical household system sheds light on the integration of the northern nomadic system and the Han system.