批判性旅游研究范式转型的回顾与展望

The Paradigm Transformation of Critical Tourism Studies:A Review and Research Prospect

批判转向是20世纪70年代以来影响整个西方人文社会科学的范式转型,在此影响下,批判性旅游研究逐渐成为西方旅游研究的重要范式。文章回顾了批判理论的发展、特征和内容,归纳出批判性旅游研究的逻辑、脉络与内容,梳理了批判性旅游研究的视角、方法和议题,并探讨了批判性旅游研究对批判理论的响应以及知识溢出的可能性,旨在呼应国内旅游研究范式转型和推动旅游学科进一步发展。批判性旅游研究可从宏观的政治经济分析和微观的文化政治分析两个视角开展,主要采用质性研究方法,通过理论上和概念上的评价来深刻分析、理解社会发展的过程和多种主体性的世界观。批判性旅游研究不是反对旅游发展,而是要将隐藏在旅游发展背后的话语和权力关系揭示出来,理解不同行动者特别是弱势群体、失语人群的价值观和信仰,以及他们基于地方知识与资本、政府等其他强权行动者的冲突协商,最终目的是启蒙和解放,寻求什么样的世界才是更好的。

Since the 1970s, the critical turn has been a paradigm transformation in the Western humanities and social science. Under this influence, the critical tourism studies has gradually become an important paradigm in Western tourism research. Based on a review of critical theory’s development, feature and contents in social science, this paper tries to make the critical tourism studies clear about their development logic and concrete contents and give a direction to the future critical tourism studies about their research perspectives, approaches and agendas. It also discusses the response of critical tourism studies to critical theory and the possibility of knowledge spillover. In a word, this article aims to promote the paradigm transformation of tourism research and tourism discipline development in China. The critical tourism studies can be conducted from two perspectives.The first one is macro political economy analysis, which emphasizes on the capitalist economic attribute and capital accumulation process of tourism development, seeing it as a part of capitalist production system. The second one is micro cultural politics analysis, which underlines the cultural and social nature of tourism, seeing it as a means of individual identity and class division. By means of qualitative research, it analizes and understands the process of social development and various subjective world views through theoretical and conceptual evaluation. Finally, we think that here are some main topics should be put on the agenda in critical tourism studies: To understand the development of tourism as a highly politicized phenomenon, the operation logic and institutional arrangements of government power. Especially, clarify the impact of relationship network between government and non-government social actors on the formulation of tourism development policies at different scales;To understand tourism as a diversified form of capital accumulation in tourism production system and tourism consumption system, which the body and the living conditions of tourism labor, creation of tourism and leisure space need to be paid more attention;Focus on minority groups and vulnerable groups, such as local community, women and ethnic minorities, understanding their local knowledge, discourse, values and beliefs, as well as their different understandings and special meanings to tourism development, so as to avoid the deviation in tourism knowledge production because of the limited perspectives. Through solid empirical case study, based on its practical disciplinary feature and value, tourism research can play an important role in revealing the unfair and uneven during the process of tourism development, which to some extent responses to critical theory to encourage social change, realize liberation and improve people’s dignity, human rights and justice.Critical tourism studies are not against tourism development. Rather, it is necessary to uncover the discourse and power relationships hidden behind tourism development, to understand different actors,especially the vulnerable groups about their believes and value as well as their conflict and negotiation with the government and capital based on the local knowledge. The final goal of critical tourism studies aims at enlightening and emancipating, making the world more hopeful.