冬季云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区水鸟多样性初步研究

A Preliminary Study on Diversity of Waterfowls in Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province in Winter

于2017年12月至2018年2月,采用定点观测的方法,研究了冬季云南大山包黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)国家级自然保护区水鸟群落的组成、数量和多样性,共记录水鸟6目11科41种,占大山包湿地水鸟物种总数的85.42%;其中,有国家一级保护鸟类2种,二级保护鸟类1种,其余38种水鸟被列入国家"三有名录";记录到黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)、棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)和渔鸥(Larus ichthyaetus)7个新记录种,鹳科(Ciconiidae)和秧鸡科(Rallidae)为新记录科;水鸟群落的物种组成以雁形目水鸟最多(16种,占记录到的水鸟总物种数的39.02%),其次是鸻形目(13种,占31.71%),最少的是鹈形目(1种,占2.44%);居留型以冬候鸟占绝对优势(28种,占68.29%),其次是旅鸟(9种,占21.95%),种类最少的是留鸟(4种,9.76%);区系组成以古北种为主(34种,占82.93%),其次是广布种(5种,占12.19%),东洋种最少(2种,占4.88%);该保护区水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.78,Pielou均匀度指数为0.52。

Using fixed-point observation method, the composition, number and diversity of waterfowl communities were studied and recorded a total of 41 species belonging to 6 orders and 11 families, accounting for85.42% of the total number of waterfowl species in Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve,Yunnan Province from December 2017 to February 2018. There were 2 species belonging to first-grade national protected species, there was 1 species belonging to second-grade national protected species, and 38 species of waterfowl was listed as national"three species list";7 new species were recorded including Ciconia nigra,Nycticorax nycticorax, Fulica atra, Recurvirostra avosetta, Tringa erythropus, Larus brunnicephalus and Larus ichthyaetus, and 2 new families were recorded including Ciconiidae and Rallidae. The number of species belonging to Anseriformes was the largest(16 species, accounting for 39.02% of the total number of recorded waterfowl), followed by Charadriiformes(13 species, accounting for 31.71%). The number of species belonging to Pelecaniformes was the fewest(1 species, accounting for 2.44%). Winter migratory birds(28 species, 68.29%) were the dominant residence type, followed by tourist birds(9 species, 21.95%), while number of species of resident birds was the smallest(4 species, 9.76%). The floristic composition was dominated by palaearctic species(34 species, accounting for 82.93%), followed by widespread species(5 species, accounting for 12.19%);the number of oriental species(2 species, accounting for 4.88%) was the fewest. The Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index of waterfowl communities in the reserve were 2.78 and 0.52 respectively.