从用益权到居住权:罗马法人役权的流变史

From Ususfructus to Habitatio:The Evolution History of Servitutes Personarum in Roman Law

罗马法中人役权包括用益权、使用权和居住权。用益权是一种权利分化工具,与虚空所有权对应使用,起源于与遗产继承相关的提供生活扶助的社会需求,允许针对死者财产中一切物品设立用益权,未在用益权客体中排除消耗物,并由此创设了准用益权以调和理论与实践的矛盾。使用权与居住权以用益权为蓝本,权能范围递减。使用权与用益权的理想边界是使用权人不能收取孳息这一质的区别,但现实边界转变为收取多少孳息的量的差别。作为真实生活需求的居住权被等同于使用权或被解释为用益权,优士丁尼颁布居住权谕令使居住权独立化,并赋予了居住权人出租房屋的权利。三种权利的演进过程并非理论推演的结果,而是满足现实生活需求的产物,体现了罗马法更重视制度功能而非形式逻辑的底色。

Servitutes Personarum in Roman Law includes ususfructus、usus、habitatio. Ususfructus, a kind of instrument of rights division, is a concept which is opposite to the notion of proprietas and derives from the social need to provide life assistance by way of the inheritance. It is allowed to set ususfructus in terms of all the property which belong to the dead, which doesn’t exclude consumable objects. What’s more,quasi-ususfructus is established to resolve the contradiction between the theory and the practice. Usus and Habitatio, whose power gradually decline, are based on ususfructus. The ideal difference between usus and ususfructus is that the users can’t acquire the fruits. However, the realistic gap lies in the amount when the users get the fruits. With habitatio that meets the actual life need equal to usus or ususfructus, Justinian issues the decree to make habitatio independent and equip the dwellers with right to rent the house out. The three kinds of rights aren’ t the result of the theoretical deduction but the outcome of the realistic life,reflecting that the Roman Law would rather attach importance to the function of the system rather than the formal logic.