族以人重:明清之际魏塘钱氏的家族网络与政治变动

People as the Core of Clan:The Kingship Network and Political Changes of the Qian’s Family in Weitang During the Transition Period from Ming to Qing Dynasties

晚明江南地方社会的发展进程中,地方上势家大族起了很多积极作用。通过这些大族地方生活的轨迹,可以知晓其最重要的姻亲网络及核心家族间的链接关系。在浙江嘉善县,堪称权势阶层主流的钱氏等家族,对国家保持着高度忠诚,没有在地方上发展为垄断州县行政的"宗族社会"。在清兵南下后,这些大族的变化与家族成员的人生遭际,呈现出比较复杂的样态,也折射出王朝统治变化进程中地方的政治脉动和士人的家国情怀。从钱氏族人的生死往事、已逝的生活世界,可以探求和理解明清之际士人生活的状态及其生存之道,他们处于交互编织的网络中,既包括社会身份,也包括本土秩序,形塑了地方社会形态,影响了地方历史的主流变化。钱家在长期的发展过程中,已构造出了相对稳定的生活方式、丰富的家族遗产、接近一致的信仰以及大族共有的文化氛围。在以亲属关系为基础的社会结构中,钱家的那些代表人物,渗透至社会与文化生活的各个方面,都有所谓"链接性角色"的作用,建立起一种无限复杂的"微权力"网络。因此也可以解释,在一个具体的生活环境与地域社会中,因为有了这样具有"结构"性力量的社会阶层存在,晚明以来足以表现地方的人物,就是那样一些官绅士人而非其他的原因。

Prominent families greatly propelled the development process of the local societies in Jiangnan during the late Ming period. Through their local activities, we can tease out their most important affinity networks and the link relations between them. In Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, since the main powerful families as the Qian all held high fidelity towards the empire, the "lineage society" monopoly on county administrations didn’t exist in the local society. After the Manchu troops’ invasion of Jiangnan, those families and their members suffered complicated vicissitudes, which reflected the political impulse of the local society and the literati’s feelings for home and country in the dynasty transition period. Thus, the Qian’s life stories can help us explore and understand the literati’s life situations and ways of survival during the Ming-Qing transition. Their interactive networks related to social identities and local orders not only shaped the form of the local society but also influenced the primary alteration of the local history. The Qian’s family had established a relatively stable way of life in its long-term development, with rich family heritage, similar faith and shared cultural atmosphere. Within the social structure based on kinship, the representative figures of the Qian family served as "linkage", showing impacts on various aspects of social and cultural life, and constructed a sort of "Micropower" network of extreme complexity. It is because there was such a social class with "structural forces" in a specific life environment and regional society, none other than the official literati became the local representative since the late Ming Dynasty.