老龄化背景下发达国家社会保障制度建设及启示

Reference and Enlightenment of Social Security System Construction in Developed Countries Under Population Aging Situation

在过去的四十年里,多数发达国家日益上升的老年抚养比导致福利支出压力不断加大,这可归因于这些国家采用的非积累制公共养老金制度,为此,许多国家在这方面已经进行了意义深远的改革,加强保险精算公平,调整指数规则,增加预先融资和延长缴费期。控制成本的努力也可能与公共健康和长期护理支出有关,但是,到目前为止,没有国家已真正解决这些问题,从长远来看,需考虑重建代际之间交易制度,使其作为一种潜在的消除不利于抚养孩子和投资于人力资本因素的方法。

Over the past four decades, increasing old-age dependency ratio will have an enormous upward pressure on welfare spending in most developed countries. As this is mainly due to existing unfunded public pension schemes, many countries have embarked on far-reaching reforms in this area, strengthening actuarial fairness, modifying index-linkage rules, adding elements of pre-funding, and, last but not least, attempting to extend the period of economic activity. Efforts to contain costs may also be relevant with regard to public expenditure on health and long-term care but, thus far, no country has really fixed these issues. Still, some countries have made substantial progress in securing the long-term sustainability of their welfare systems. What remains to be considered is re-constructing the system of inter-generational transactions as a potential way of removing disincentives to raise children and invest in their human capital in the long run.