经济关系与分配正义——《哥达纲领批判》中马克思的“权利-正义观”辨析

Economic Relations and Distributive Justice

立足于《资本论》及其手稿,对《哥达纲领批判》中马克思的权利观和正义观进行互文性解读,就会发现:(1)从劳动时间在经济生活中的地位和作用来看,由于它依然是人们从社会获得生活资料的基础,所以,基于按劳分配的人的权利仍然是较为狭隘的。(2)从人所处其中的多重社会关系和由此决定的人的本质的多样性来看,由于按劳分配在确认一种关系(劳动关系)中人的平等权利的同时默认了其他关系中人的权利的不平等,所以,这种平等权利同一切权利一样,在内容上仍然是一种不平等的权利。(3 )从对社会总产晶的各项扣除来看,由于无论是生产资料的扣除还是消费资料的扣除,都是经济发展和社会发展的客观规律使然,所以,人的(分配)权利会受到经济结构和文化发展的制约。(4)如果说人性论是权利观和正义观的理论基础,那么,历史观就是人性论的理论基础。权利-正义观、人性论与社会-历史观是一致的。

Interpreting intertextually Marx’s view of rights and justice in the Gotha Programme based on Das Kapital and its manuscripts, we can find that:(1) From the perspective of the position and function of labor lime in economic life, as it is still the basis for people to obtain means of life from society, the rights of people based on distribution according to work do not exceed the boundaries of bourgeois rights, and it is relatively narrow.(2) From the angle of the diversity of human nature determined by the multiple social relations in which people live, since distribution according to work recognizes the equal rights of human beings in one relationship(work relation) while acquiescing the unequal lights of human beings in other relationships, this equal right, like all rights, is still an unequal right in content.(3) From the standpoint of deduction of total social products, since both the deduction of means of production and consumption arc the results of the role of the objective laws of economic and social development, human (distribution) rights will be restricted by economic structure and cultural development.(4) If the theory of human nature is the theoretical basis of the concept of rights and justice, then the view of history is the theoretical basis of the theory of human nature. The concept of right-justice, the theory of human nature and the view of society-history are consistent.