超越论现象学的方法论问题——胡塞尔与芬克及其《第六笛卡尔式沉思》

The Methodological Problems of Transcendental Phenomenology

随着现象学的发展,现象学方法论的独特性问题成为了一个日趋突出并亟待解答的问题。胡塞尔本人曾对此做出过断断续续的思考与论述,并提出过“现象学的现象学”的概念以及以此方式进行的“批判的批判”的现象学纲领。在其撰写德文版《笛卡尔式沉思》的过程中,胡塞尔委托芬克撰写了一个全新的第六沉思,专门论述“超越论的方法论的观念”。由芬克所撰写的《第六笛卡尔式沉思》是对超越论现象学的方法论及其局限性的反思,并在很大程度上影响了法国的现象学运动。《第六笛卡尔式沉思》事实上构成了整个现象学运动的一个转折点,至少成为了一个里程碑。

Methodology is the doctrine or theory with regard to methods. Phenomenological methodology is a problem becoming increasingly prominent and calling for solution along with the development of phenomenology. Husserl himself has once performed intermittent considerations and explications about it, and has presented the concept of “phenomenological phenomenology” and the phenomenological programme of “the critical critique” performed accordingly. When writing the German Cartesianische Meditationen, Husserl asked Fink to write a brand-new sixth meditation particularly explicating “the idea of phenomenological methodology.” The Sixth Cartesian Meditation written later by Fink was the reflection on transcendental phenomenological methodology and its limitations, and has exerted great influences on French phenomenological movement. In fact, the Sixth Cartesian Mediation constituted a turning point, at least a milestone, of the whole Phenomenological Movement.