攘夷思想与明治维新前后日本的国家意识

The Idea of Repelling the Barbarians and the National Consciousness around the Meiji Restoration

攘夷思想是日本型华夷观和近代民族主义共同作用的产物,其发展和演变深刻影响了明治维新前后日本的国家意识。在锁国攘夷语境下,加强中央集权、明确疆界和强调国族认同成为异于幕藩体制的早期国家构想。进入开国攘夷阶段,各派政治力量将攘夷思想与尊皇论结合起来,推动国家体制的变革与倒幕维新,对内树立起明治国家的绝对权力,对外塑造出改正条约以至广布国威的强硬假象。攘夷思想与文明论的结合,使国家轨迹偏转到从脱亚到侵亚、从追随欧美近代化到对抗欧美的歧路。新攘夷论先是否定亚洲继而否定欧洲,致力于用武力扩张构建皇国统御万邦的日本型华夷秩序,致使战前日本的国家发展最终失去了主体性和近代性。

The idea of repelling the barbarians is the combination of the Japanese-style Huayi Concept and nationalism,and its development has a profound impact on Japan s national consciousness around the Meiji Restoration.In the context of the Sakoku,strengthening the centralization,defining the boundaries and emphasizing the national identity became an early national concept distinguishing from the system of Baku-han.Entering the stage of the Kaikoku,various political forces combined the idea of repelling the barbarians with respect for emperors,and promoted the transformation of the national system and overturning the Shogunate.This combination also established the absolute power of the Meiji state,and shaped a strong illusion of the treaty amendment and even the widespread of the State s authority abroad.The combination of the idea of repelling the barbarians and the theory of civilization shifted the national trajectory from leaving Asia to invading Asia,from following the modernization of the Western civilization to resisting it.The new idea of repelling the barbarians firstly denied Asia and then Europe,aimed at establishing a Huayi order in the Japanese style,in which the imperial power dominated all States by force expansion.This made Japan s national development path before the Second World War lose its subjectivity and modernity.