论清代云南的分水轮灌制度

On the Water-allocation Rotation-irrigation System in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty

清代云南乡村社会通常以订立水规的形式建立分水轮灌制度,通过分水轮灌制度规范乡村水资源的分配、解决水权纠纷、维护地方社会秩序。总体上看,清代云南分水轮灌制度大致可以归为四类:一是按照田地与水源的距离由近及远地分水灌田,二是按照放水时间长短来分水灌田,三是按田亩多少决定分水量多寡,四是按水量多少不同分水灌溉田亩。清代云南分水轮灌制度通过刻石颁示给利益攸关人遵守,存在动态调整、多种分水轮灌制度并用、官方保障其合法性等特点,分水轮灌制度的确立和施行,促进了清代云南水利事业和乡村治理的发展。

In the rural areas of Yunnan Province in the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),a water-allocation rotation-irrigation system was established to regulate allocation of water resources,settlement of water-related disputes and maintenance of local social order.This system was generally divided into three categories:1)water being allocated according to distance between fields and water sources where the nearest was irrigated first;2)water being allocated according to irrigation duration;3)water being allocated according to field area;and 4)water being allocated according to amount of water.Inscribed on stone steles for all parties concerned to abide by and for the authorities to enforce,these regulations were subject to dynamic adjustment and multiple water-allocation methods would apply when necessary.Establishment and implementation of the water-allocation rotation-irrigation system was a great boost to governance of both water resources and the society in rural Yunnan Province.