立人·立德·立国:五四新文化的运动逻辑

Li Ren, Li De and Li Guo: The Movement Logic of the May Fourth New Culture

以“新人”为突破口,通过“新道德”的换血,从而达到“新国家”的目的,乃是五四先驱的一个基本逻辑构成。将“心身薄弱”的“纨绔子弟”改造成“心身两全”的“朴茂青年”也就成了五四先驱最初追求的“立人”目标。所谓“心身两全”,就是德、智、体的全面发展。但当《新青年》“主撰”意识到“伦理的觉悟,为吾人最后觉悟之最后觉悟”后,“德育”便作为不二的启蒙法门被给予了超负荷的重托。至此,五四先驱的“立人”目标已由原先的“心身两全”变成了“以德为主”。要“立国”,须先“立人”,而“立人”的路径则是“立德”。他们的这种以“新道德”的换血来造就新国民、新国家的理念与中国古代的“修身治国之道”可谓如出一辙,其中无不蕴含着浓厚的家国情怀。

Taking "new people" as a breakthrough, and the purpose of "new state" through the exchange of blood of "new morality" is a basic logical structure of the pioneers of the May Fourth Movement. Transforming the "Playboy" with "weak mind and fragile body" into "Excellent Youth" with "both sound mind and body" was the "Li Ren" goal that the pioneers of the May Fourth Movement originally pursued. The so-called "both sound mind and body" is the all-round development of morality, intelligence and body. However, when "Chief Editor" of New Youth realized that "the ethical consciousness was the final consciousness of our final consciousness","moral education", as the sole enlightenment method, was given the overload. At this point, the "Li Ren" goal of the May Fourth Pioneers has changed from the original "Both sound body and mind" to "morality being primary". For "Li Guo","Li Ren" should be established first, and the path of "Li Ren" is "Li De". Their idea of creating a new nation and a new country with the exchange of blood of "new morality" is exactly the same as that of ancient China′s "study of self-cultivation and governance", containing a strong feeling of homeland.