骨移植多孔钛材料制备方法与发展概况

Preparation and development of porous titanium material for bone transplanting

多孔钛是一种具有三维连通孔结构的金属材料,与致密生物金属材料相比,由于自身的开孔性和连通性使其弹性模量大幅度降低,从而能够与人体骨模量较好匹配,同时使体液自由流通,加之钛具有良好的生物相容性,因而被用作骨科移植材料。而如何控制多孔结构,获得性能优异的多孔钛基体是开展相关研究和应用的前提与基础。已开发出的多孔钛及其合金的制备方法有气体成泡法、有机海绵复制法、浆料发泡法、凝胶柱模法、冷冻铸造法、自蔓延高温合成法、放电等离子烧结法、添加造孔剂法、增材制造法、纤维合成法等。不同制备方法具有各自优点,但普遍存在制备成本较高或性能偏低等问题;另外,针对不同患者的实际骨质情况,需要不同力学性能及孔隙结构的骨移植材料。因此,在较大范围内对多孔钛骨移植材料结构和模量进行调节仍然需继续研究。目前,多孔钛骨移植材料已实现临床应用,国内机构也已经推出多孔钛椎体植入材料用于临床实践。未来,多孔钛作为骨移植材料的研究和临床应用仍有很大空间。

The porous titanium is a porous metal material with a three-dimensional open interconnected pore structure.Compared with dense biometal materials, its elastic modulus is greatly reduced due to its openability and connectivity,and thus it can be well matched to human bones, at the same time, free circulation of body fluids, combined with good biocompatibility of titanium, thus the porous titanium is used as orthopedic transplant material. How to control the porous structure and obtain the porous titanium matrix with excellent performance is the premise and foundation for carry out related research and application. The porous titanium alloy have been developed, and the preparation methods conclude gas foaming method, organic sponge replication method, slurry foaming method, gel column molding method, frozen casting method, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method, and spark plasma sintering method, added pore-forming agent method, additive manufacturing method, fiber synthesis method, etc. Different preparation methods have their own advantages, but most of them suffer problems, such as high preparation cost or low performance. The orthopedic transplant material with different mechanical properties and pore structure are required for the actual bone condition of different patients. Therefore, adjusting the structure and modulus of porous titanium for bone-transplanting in a large range still will be studied. The porous titanium bone graft materials have achieved clinical application, the porous titanium vertebral implant materials are rolled out by domestic institutions. Porous titanium as a bone graft material, there is still much room for research and clinical applications in the future.